Tanner, Major

The use of enzymes for the manufacture of leather played a major role for the industrial scale production of enzymes. For the preparation of hides and skins for tanning, the early tanners kept the dehaired skins in a warm suspension of the dungs of dogs of birds. Wood was the first in 1898 to show that the bating action of the unpleasant dungs was caused by the enzymes (pepsin, trypsin, lipase) which they contained. In the context... 

The direct accurate measurement of local OH concentrations has been one of the major technical challenges in atmospheric chemistry since the early 1980s. This goal was first achieved in the stratosphere (e.g., Stimpfle and Anderson, 1988), but the troposphere proved more difficult (Crosley, 1995). Nevertheless, early long-baseline absorption methods for OH were adequate to test some basic theory (e.g., Poppe et al., 1994). Current successful direct methods include differential optical absorption near-UV spectroscopy with long baselines (e.g., Mount, 1992 Dorn et al, 1995 Brandenburger et al., 1998), laser-induced fluorescence after expansion of air samples (e.g., Hard et al., 1984, >1995 Holland et al., 1995), and a variety of chemical conversion techniques (Felton et al, 1990 Chen and Mopper, 2000 Tanner et al., 1997). 

Fragrances were needed in profusion to combat the olfactory disaster zones of prisons, hospitals, ships, churches, theatres, workshops and, indeed, anywhere where there was a gathering of humming humanity. Major cities sported ooze-smelling rivers, malignant vapours and rank-smelling fogs from industry. Dyers, tanners, butchers and various artisans added to the smoke, coal, sulfur and fetid aromas in the air, and the environment was further fouled by the lax sanitary conditions of the time. 

Injection molding processing involves both a molten flow phase and a solidification phase. The major challenges of constitutive modeling of the liquid-solid transition involve two related topics. First, one needs to eonsider how the flow and thermal history influence the structure of the fluid. Seeondly, one needs to understand how the ehanges in the internal strueture stiffen the material. There are some investigations on the topics for semicrystaUine materials and a variety of approaches or models have been proposed by different authors. Most of these results are reviewed by Tanner and Qi (2005) and Pantani et al. (2005). However,... 

As our second major topic, we present the simplest equations from each of the three important classes of constitutive equations, namely the differential equations from the retarded-motion expansion, the Maxwell-type differential equations, and the integral equations. Third and finally, we summarize the more accurate constitutive equations that we feel are the most promising for simply and realistically describing viscoelastic fluids and for modeling viscoelastic flows. More complete treatments of nonlinear constitutive equations are available elsewhere (Tanner, 1985 Bird et al., 1987 Larson, 1988 Joseph, 1990). Throughout this chapter, our examples are drawn from the literature on polymeric... 

A large group of chemical compositions has been investigated as potential candidates for IT SOFC cathode materials. A recent article by Skinner has provided an overview of the progress of perovskite type oxides for the SOFC cathode, with an emphasis on the role of chemical compositions [41]. On the contrary, microstructure plays a major role in the cathode function as well. This is particularly true when the composite cathode, which shows a better performance compared to a single composition cathode, is used. Several authors have shown that electrode microstructure and transport properties have a profound effect on polarization. Tanner et al. [42] have shown that polarization resistance (Rp) depends upon the grain size, d, of the ionic conductor in the composite electrode and the volume fraction porosity, which was further derived as in (1) by considering the monolayer gas adsorption. A similar relation has been proposed as [43] ... 

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