Table A—4. Conversion Factors

Table A-4. Conversion Factors for Second Order Rate Constants (9)... 

The SI system also specifies standard multiples to be used to conserve space when numerical values are expressed. They are summarized in Table 1-3. Standard symbols for quantities normally encountered in heat transfer are summarized in Table 1-4. Conversion factors are given in Appendix A. 

Table A.4 Energy conversion factors. Numerical values rounded to four significant digits the numbers in parentheses denote ...

Table 1-7 provides a number of useful conversion factors. To make a conversion of an element in U.S. customary units to SI units, one multiplies the value of the U.S. customary unit, found on the left side in the table, by the equivalent value on the right side. For example, to convert 10 British thermal units to joules, one multiplies 10 by 1054.4 to obtain 10544 joules. 

As with HjS, the distribution of sulfur among the other FCC products depends on several factors, which include feed, catalyst type, conversion, and operating conditions. Feed type and residence time are the most significant variables. Sulfur distribution in FCC products of several feedstocks is shown in Table 2-4. Figure 2-9 illustrates the sulfur distribution as a function of the unit conversion. 

Pressure units are summarized in Table 4.1. It is important to be familiar with them and to be able to make conversions between them. In Example 4.2, for instance, the pressure in pascals could have been obtained by using a conversion factor derived from Table 4.1 ... 

For a comparison of experimental Mossbauer isomer shifts, the values have to be referenced to a common standard. According to (4.23), the results of a measurement depend on the type of source material, for example, Co diffused into rhodium, palladium, platinum, or other metals. For Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy, the spectrometer is usually calibrated by using the known absorption spectrum of metallic iron (a-phase). Therefore, Fe isomer shifts are commonly reported relative to the centroid of the magnetically split spectrum of a-iron (Sect. 3.1.3). Conversion factors for sodium nitroprusside dihydrate, Na2[Fe(CN)5N0]-2H20, or sodium ferrocyanide, Na4[Fe(CN)]6, which have also been used as reference materials, are found in Table 3.1. Reference materials for other isotopes are given in Table 1.3 of [18] in Chap. 1. 

MeV. WL-R = 100% x WL/radon concentrations (pCi/1). The dose conversion factor of 0.7 rad/working level month (WLM) (Harley and Pasternack, 1982) was used to calculate the mean absorbed dose to the epithelial cells and a quality factor (OF) of 20 was applied to convert the absorbed dose to dose equivalent rate. For example, from the average value of (WL) obtained from the arithmetic mean radon concentrations measured in the living area during winter and summer in South Carolina (Table I), the calculated dose equivalent rate is 4.1 rem/yr, e.g.,... 

Refer to Appendix A, Table 1-8 for conversion factors, and Example 1-4. 

Tables C. 1-C.4 provide conversion factors from a.u. to SI units and a variety of practical (thermochemical, crystallographic, spectroscopic) non-SI units in common usage. Numerical values are quoted to six-digit precision (though many are known to higher accuracy) in an abbreviated exponential notation, whereby 6.022 14(23) means 6.022 14 x 1023. In this book we follow a current tendency of the quantum chemical literature by expressing relative energies in thermochemical units (kcal mol-1), structural parameters in crystallographic Angstrom units (A), vibrational frequencies in common spectroscopic units (cm-1), and so forth. These choices, although inconsistent according to SI orthodoxy, seem better able to serve effective communication between theoreticians and experimentalists.

Table 78 CO conversion during WGS in an atmospheric pressure fixed bed reactor. The total gas flow was approximately 240 cm3/min, with a composition of 1.6% CO, 52.4% H20,41.9% H2, and 4.1% N2. Note difference in space velocity (factor of 20)431 432...

Budget methods are based on the fact that there is a physiological upper limit to the amount of food and drink that can be consumed on any day. If the amount of additive present in that food is also limited (e.g. by national legislation) then there is an absolute maximum that can be ingested on any day. The assumptions in the budget method are extended to allow for the fact that only a proportion of the diet is likely to contain additives (Table 4.1).10 A conversion factor is produced which is used to derive the maximum use level from the ADI ... 

From Table 4, the reduction in ash content with increase in saturates content is clear, in spite of the higher ash level of the 22 % saturates HAO. The conversion peaks at 12 % saturates, which was unexpected and caimot be explained, except that many factors affect conversion and this could be the result of some other factor or a combination of factors. However, the reduction in conversion from 16 % saturates onwards is clear. 

Although SI is the internationally accepted system of measurement in science, other units are encountered. Useful conversion factors are found in Table 1-4. For example, common non-SI units for energy are the calorie (cal) and the Calorie (with a capital C, which stands for 1 000 calories, or 1 kcal). Table 1-4 states that 1 cal is exactly 4.184 J (joules). 

The third-order nonlinear properties are specified in different ways by different authors and several systems of units are used. The conversions between different systems are not always obvious, as the numerical values of the conversion factors may depend on the definitions of particular properties. Table I lists some of the more important conversion factors and units. It should be noted that conversion of n2 values to /3) values can be performed using Eq. (4) in SI units. A frequently utilized conversion is that between n2 values in SI units (cm2 W1) and in cgs units (esu), namely n2 = (C]y3))/n2, where Q is approximately 0.039.7 Calculation of y values can be performed using Eq. (3). Reference 7 provides a discussion of the pitfalls that arise when applying conversion procedures between nonlinear properties defined in different ways. 

The results of the analysis of one SBS sample are summarized in Table III, in which the ultraviolet optical density and the average height in GPC obtained from the area under curve are listed for each fraction in columns 2 and 3, respectively. A conversion factor of 7.2 obtained from polystyrene (PS) calibration was used to convert the optical density to the styrene contribution to the average chromatogram height which is tabulated in column 4. The difference between columns 3 and 4 was taken as the relative weight of butadiene after being multiplied by 1.37, a correction for the difference in refractive indices of styrene and butadiene (column 5). 

Table D2.4.1 Differences in the Conversion Factor (K)a Used in the Spectrophotometric 2-Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA) Test Due to Variability in Recovery and Procedures 3...

Several factors contribute to the frequent use of (3 )-substituted allylic alcohols (13) for asymmetric epoxidation (a) The allylic alcohols are easily prepared (b) conversion to epoxy alcohol normally proceeds with good chemical yield and with better than 95% ee (c) a large variety of functionality in the (3E) position is tolerated by the epoxidation catalyst. Representative epoxy alcohols (14) are summarized in Table 6A.4 [2,4,18,41-53] and Figure 6A.3 (4,54-61], with results divided arbitrarily according to whether the (3E) substituent is a hydrocarbon (Table 6A.4) or otherwise (Fig. 6A.3). The versatility of these and other 3-substi-tuted epoxy alcohols for organic synthesis is illustrated with several examples in the following discussion. 

The requirements set out in this publication and taken mainly from the report on the Nutrient Requirements of Poultry (NRC, 1994) are based on ME (AME), expressed as kilocalories (kcal) or megacalories (Meal)/kg feed. This energy system is used widely in North America and in many other countries. Energy units used in some countries are based on joules (J), kilojoules (kj) or megajoules (MJ). A conversion factor can be used to convert calories to joules, i.e. IMeal = 4.184 MJ 1MJ = 0.239 Meal and 1MJ = 239 kcal. Therefore, the tables of feedstuff composition in this publication show ME values expressed as MJ or kj as well as keal/kg. 

In addition to the chain length, the effect of branching of the carbon chain was studied. Specificity of POS-PVA lipase was studied by monitoring esterification reactions of ft-butanol, sec-butanol, and ferf-butanol with butyric acid, as shown in Table 2. The highest rate of conversion to ester (60%) occurred in the presence of ft-butanol, compared with sec-butanol and ferf-butanol. The branching was found to decrease significantly the esterification yield by a factor of 0.4 for sec-butanol and 0.65 for tert-butanol. Antczak et al. (24) reported a similar conversion pattern. 

The points on the sides of the triangle (A, B, and C) represent three iso-eluotropic binary mixtures (solvents A, B and C). The composition of one of the three binary mixtures (i.e. the appropriate eluotropic strength) should be determined by either a scanning gradient or a stepwise series of isocratic scans (see section 5.4). Once one of the compositions is known, the compositions of the two iso-eluotropic binary mixtures can be calculated using the conversion factors given in table 5.4b. 

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