T-maze

More rarely, navigation of a T-maze has been used for drug discrimination studies. Early studies used a T-maze procedure where rats were trained to select one of the two arms when nicotine was administered, whereas entries into the opposite arm were punished by foot-shock (Romano et al. 1981 Schechter and Rosecrans 1971a, b Overton 1982). Nicotine proved to have moderate relative discriminability, as measured by the sessions to criterion performance (20 sessions at 0.55 mg kg Overton 1982). More recently, a food-rewarded discrimination procedure using a T-maze has been described, but no studies involving nicotine have been identified (Colombo et al. 1996). 

Colombo G, Agabio R, Balakhevskaia N, Lobina C, Reah R, Fadda F, Gessa GL (1996) T-maze and food reinforcement an inexpensive drug discrimination procedure. 1 Neurosci Methods 67 83-87... 

Overton DA (1969) Control of T-maze choice by nicotinic, antinicotinic, and antimuscarinic drugs. 

Interperitoneal injection of rats at doses insufficient to produce clinical signs of neurotoxicity did cause reduction in T-maze spatial alternation scores. The authors concluded that acute TPP administration has a persistent effect on the neural systems required for spatial alternation learning in rats. ... 

Improve the aversive memory retrieval in rats conditioned in a T maze with appetitive and aversive events [Kumar et al. 1995]... 

In the raphe nuclei, while transiently impairing nonmnemonic aspects of performance, failed to modify the overall performance of rats trained on a delayed nonmatching-to-position task [Sahgal and Keith 1993). Administered in the presence of desmethylimipramine, impaired rat choice accuracy in a T maze with respect to acquisition with a constant and short delay interval, performance with variable delays, and treatment with scopolamine [Ricaurte et al. 1993). 

S100B Overexpression Female specific hyperactivity, lack of habituation to novelty, reduced T-maze spontaneous alternation rate, abnormal exploratory behavior Enhanced astrocytosis and neurite proliferation Impaired learning and memory, increased dendrite density, enhanced age-related loss of dendrites Inhibitory effect on cardiac hypertrophy Increased susceptibility to hypoxia-ischemia Increased apoptosis after myocardial infarction Enhanced neuroinflammation and neuronal dysfunction induced by amyloid-(3... 

Barbiturates have been shown to affect spontaneous alternation and radial maze performance in mice (ref. 150). Rats treated prenatally with aluminum showed a deficit in radial maze acquisition (ref. 151). Neonatal clonidine treatment delayed choice of a water rewarded arm in a T-maze by water deprived rats which had been pretrained in this maze vith food reward (ref. 33). 

Morris water tank maze, learning set formation, multiple T-mazes and DRL learning in a Skinnerbox (refs. 34, 35, 62, 120). Although the value of apical tests is not yet clear (ref. 167), the Hebb-Williams test could serve as an example of such a test. In this test measures of activity, motivation, learning, memory and problem solving capacity can be determined in one single test situation. 

Sawamura S, Kingery WS, Davies MF, Agashe GS, Clark JD, Kobilka BK, Hashimoto T, Maze M (2000) Antinociceptive action of nitrous oxide is mediated by stimulation of noradrenergic neurons in the brainstem and activation of a2is adrenoceptors. J Neurosci 20 9242-51 Scheibner J, Trendelenburg AU, Hein L, Starke K (2001a) a2-adrenoceptors modulating neuronal serotonin releases study in a2-adrenoceptor subtype-deficient mice. Br J Pharmacol 132 925-33... 

Takahashi KA, Castillo PE (2006) The CB1 cannabinoid receptor mediates glutamatergic synaptic suppression in the hippocampus. Neurosci 139(3) 795-802 Takahashi RN, Pamplona FA, Fernandes MS (2005) The cannabinoid antagonist SR141716A facilitates memory acquisition and consolidation in the mouse elevated T-maze. Neurosci Lett 380(3) 270-75... 

Fig. 2. T-maze performance (% correct) in gerbils trained on a win-shift strategy to find sunflower seeds (50% is chance level). Gerbils were subjected to sham operation (SHAM) or 5 min of normothermic ischemia with (HYPO) or without delayed hypothermic treatment (ISCH). In (A) the HYPO group was cooled for 1 d at 32°C starting at 1 h after ischemia (26), while in (B) the HYPO gerbils were cooled (32°C + 34°C each for 1 d) starting 6 h after ischemia(2<3). Untreated ischemia resulted in significantly more working memory errors (lower % correct) than SHAM animals, while the HYPO groups were well protected and this generally reflected CA1 cell count data.

Volpe B. T., WaczekB., and Davis H. P. (1988) Modified T-maze training demonstrates dissociated memory loss in rats with ischemic hippocampal injury. Behav. Brain Res. 27, 259-268. 

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