Synthetic biology synthesis

The minimal cell, as the simplest system which has all the required properties of life (metabolism, self-reproduction and the ability to evolve), is presently studied as part of a new research discipline synthetic biology. This includes subjects such as synthesis in branches of biological systems, for example, of new RNA species, new peptides and new nucleic acid analogues, as well as the synthesis of peptide nucleic acids. One example is the work of M. R. Ghadiri and G. von Kiedrowski on self-replication of oligonucleotides and oligopeptides (Luisi, 2006b). 

Tetr 39 2323 (1983) (Recent Advances in the Preparation and Synthetic Applications of Oxiranes) 43 3309 (1987) (Synthetic Routes to Tetrahydrofuran, Tetrahydropyran, and Spiroketal Units of Polyether Antibiodcs and a Survey of Spiroketals of Other Natural Products) SO 8885 (1994) (Chemical and Biological Synthesis of Chiral Epoxides)... 

Chiral non-racemic cyclopropanes are a common motif in natural and synthetic biologically active compounds [85]. They represent an important target in asymmetric synthesis, and a range of catalytic methods have been developed for their synthesis [6, 47, 86-90]. Many of the existing methods make use of a chiral metal complex as catalyst [6], but organocatalytic methods have also been developed. In this section we will review methods using a substoichiometric amount of a chiral ylide as a catalyst for cyclopropanation [91]. 

The synthetic genetic system has even been coupled to unnatural protein synthesis. Adding extra letters to the genetic alphabet has been shown to increase the number of triplet codons that are accessible to a messenger RNA. In 1993, Bain et al. showed that additional triplet codons made possible by extra nucleobases and delivered by synthetic biological efforts could encode extra amino acids.14 That result was obtained with the terran ribosome. 

Keywords Gene circuits, Metabolic control, Oligonucleotide synthesis, Regulatory engineering, Synthetic biology... 

Synthetic biology uses the DNA sequence information of a virus to resynthesize the viral molecule via throughput technology of nucleotide synthesis and robotics. Using these technologies, it is possible, for example, to spread the small pox virus, and cause mass chaos which has been already eliminated from the earth. Thus, the power of synthetic biology has to be protected from terrorists just like the nuclear bombs falling in their hands. 

Type IV system. Protein synthesis inside lipid vesicles. The field of protein expression inside compartments is certainly the most advanced one in context of compartmentalized reactions. To date, in fact, it represents the state of the art in the construction of synthetic cells (more properly, semi-synthetic cells). This interest is due to the above mentioned convergence of some aspects of synthetic biology and experimental studies on the origins of Ufe. A comprehensive review of studies on semi-synthetic cells has been recently published by us, and other reviews have discussed this subject " here we will comment on a couple of relevant examples and highhghting some trends and future perspectives. The complete Ust of pubUshed works can be found in Table 17.1. 

RNA enzymes Studying splicing also led to the discovery of RNA-enzymes, interpreted by many as an insight as to what might have been used as the biochemical basis of life before the evolution of complex protein synthesis machinery. This finding contributed to the development of SELEX technology and synthetic biology. ... 

Liang, )., Luo, Y., and Zhao, H. (2011) Synthetic biology putting synthesis into biology. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Syst. 

---