Synthetic bench models

Figure 10.3 Reusable synthetic bench models for incisions, suturing, knot tying, and other types of part-task training simulations. ( McMaster University.)...

Simulators are developed primarily for the procedure(s) they are designed to emulate. Surgical simulators can include animal models, cadavers, synthetic and tissue-based bench models, computer/web-based simulators, video box trainers, web-based interface simulators, VR (or computer driven) part-task trainers, VR simulators that can allow the user to mimic an entire surgical procedure (whole-task trainers), hybrid simulators... 

Haber s laboratory version of ammonia synthesis was indisputably effective, but even after Brunck made the decision that BASF should proceed with the commercialization of the discovery doubts persisted inside the company about the success of such a costly, and seemingly open-ended, exercise. Given the absence of any precedent for running continuous catalytic synthetic reactions at snch high pressures and temperatures, it was only reasonable to expect that even with intensive effort it would take a very long time to transform Haber s bench model to a smoothly operating commercial plant. ... 

One example of a miniaturized LC/MS strategy is the use of 96-well sample plates (Kaye et al., 1996) for extraction. This sample extraction procedure combines batch sample processing within a miniaturized format. Increased sensitivity and decreased volume advances have fostered a new wave of scale-down models. Experiments that were formerly performed at the bench are, instead, performed at the microliter scale in the batch mode. For example, synthetic process research was traditionally performed manually with apparatus at the milliliter level. This approach involves the testing of a range of synthetic conditions for optimum yield and minimum impurity production. Now, process research conditions are tested in microliter levels to produce information on purity and structure (Rourick et al., 1996). This strategy requires fewer reagents and accelerates the evaluation of a wider range of conditions in a shorter time. Another example includes the direct analysis of samples from cell culture experiments (Kerns et al., 1997). 

A few years ago, a survey of a random sample of 600 chemists, most of whom were members of the American Chemical Society, showed that software for molecular databases was highly usedA About 26% of the respondents used such software, compared to only 16% who used molecular modeling software. This survey obviously included many bench chemists who frequently use compound and reaction databases in the course of their work. Compound databases are routinely employed in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries to keep track of the hundreds of thousands of compounds in a company s archives. Reaction databases are used to find literature precedents for synthetic methodology. 

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