Synthesis Casale

Casale, A. and Porter, R. Mechanical Synthesis of Block and Graft Copolymers. Vol. 17, pp. 1-71. 

Claude (1) Also called Claude-Casale. A high-pressure ammonia synthesis process, developed by G. Claude in the 1920s. 

A flow diagram of (he direct synthesis of ammonia as practiced at the TVA(Tennessee Valley Authority), is given on pp A298-9 Following is the list of "direct synthesis" processes practiced currently in various countries a)Haber-Bosch(Refs 19,32,38,39, 42,48 80) b)Casale(Refs 19,38,39 80)... 

The ammonia loop is based on the Ammonia Casale axial-radial three-bed converter with internal heat exchangers. Heat from the ammonia synthesis is used to 1) generate high-pressure steam and 2) preheat feed gas. The gas is then cooled and refrigerated to separate ammonia product. Unconverted gas is recycled to the syngas compressor208 214... 

For revamps of ammonia synthesis converters, Ammonia Casale offers 1) an in-situ modification of bottle-shaped converters of the Kellogg type, and 2) a three-bed intercooled configuration. The intercooled design is similar in some ways to the Uhde design discussed below213. 

The high-pressure Claude-Casale ammonia synthesis process in the 1920s.1,12,20,21... 

Commercial plants The first complete LAC plant, for 1,350-mtd ammonia, has been built for GSFC in India. Two other LAC plants, for 230-and 600-mtd ammonia, were commissioned in Australia. The latest LAC contract is under erection in China and produces hydrogen, ammonia and C02 under import of nitrogen from already existing facilities. There are extensive reference lists for Linde hydrogen and nitrogen plants and Ammonia Casale synthesis systems. 

Ammonia-Casale, which proposes a technology that remodels the processes with carbamate decomposition by gas stripping the SRR (Split Reaction Recycle) process. This involves adding to the synthesis loop in place a side reaction section operating at 20 to 22.10 Pa absolute, with an N/C ratio of 4 to 5, making it possible to reach the... 

Over last decades the synthesis of block and graft copolymers by mechanical forces has been studied by various researchers, and the recent development in this field has been reviewed by Casale and Porter (S). Pioneer works of ESR studies on low temperature reactions of the mechano-radicals were reported by Butyagin and his collaborators 34, 100). In this review presentation will be limited to ESR studies on polymerization initiated by the PTFE mechano-radical at low temperatures 101). 

---