Synchronization function

Macrocyclic ligand 26a was shown to complex anions in solution via the synchronous functioning of the central uranyl ion and hydrogen bonding... 

Individual cells in the bodies of multicellular creatures communicate with each other by exchanging information, resulting in synchronized functions. Information is delivered across the body by chemical substances such as hormones. Such chemicals are specifically recognized by receptors on the cell surface, and information is transmitted and amplified by enzymatic actions. 

Figure 2.57 Plot of the temporal behavior of the synchronization functions p,(t) and of the probability distribution of the periods of the oxide thickness oscillators qiy, a plausible but arbitrary shape of qi, has been assumed ...

The problem to be faced in this case is what is it which makes the genetic apparatus of the cells (usually almost synchronously) function at an increased rate and what causes it to stop or, more correctly, lowers the intensity of its activity after periodic intervals of time in the case of an inherited rhythm. I stress this type of rhythm, because by no means all rhythms are determined entirely by genetic factors. Many rhythms are directly connected with changes in the environment, information concerning which is transmitted to the genetic apparatus through a complex system of biochemical connections. 

The Cardiac Cycle. The heart (Eig. lb) performs its function as a pump as a result of a rhythmical spread of a wave of excitation (depolarization) that excites the atrial and ventricular muscle masses to contract sequentially. Maximum pump efficiency occurs when the atrial or ventricular muscle masses contract synchronously (see Eig. 1). The wave of excitation begins with the generation of electrical impulses within the SA node and spreads through the atria. The SA node is referred to as the pacemaker of the heart and exhibits automaticity, ie, it depolarizes and repolarizes spontaneously. The wave then excites sequentially the AV node the bundle of His, ie, the penetrating portion of the AV node the bundle branches, ie, the branching portions of the AV node the terminal Purkinje fibers and finally the ventricular myocardium. After the wave of excitation depolarizes these various stmetures of the heart, repolarization occurs so that each of the stmetures is ready for the next wave of excitation. Until repolarization occurs the stmetures are said to be refractory to excitation. During repolarization of the atria and ventricles, the muscles relax, allowing the chambers of the heart to fill with blood that is to be expelled with the next wave of excitation and resultant contraction. This process repeats itself 60—100 times or beats per minute... 

At this stage, an auto-synchronizing relay (Relay Code 25) is brought into the circuit. This relay is suitable for any size of a generating unit to be synchronized automatically with another unit or an infinite bus. The relay executes three basic functions ... 

Critical speeds correspond to the natural frequencies of the gears and the rotor bearings support system. A determination of the critical speed is made by knowing the natural frequency of the system and the forcing function. Typical forcing functions are caused by rotor unbalance, oil filters, misalignment, and a synchronous whirl. 

There are very few synchronous buck controllers on the market that are not targeted to the -i-5 to 1.8 V microprocessor local regulator application (i.e., Vm of -1-12 V and Ki of -i-5 V). Also ICs that bring out enough functions to pins so that one may tailor its performance to the application. I threw out two entire product offerings from two major California companies (not to throw stones) and found only one part that fits my needs, the UC3580-3 from Unitrode/TI. 

Blocks in Cascade In Figure 7.9(a) there are synchronized samplers either side of blocks G (s) and G2(s). The pulse transfer function is therefore... 

Symmetry used in determining magnetic structure, 758 Synchronization, 372,373 theory by stroscopic method, 375 System function, 181 Systems... 

Figure 1, Forcing functions for monomer (fu) and initiator (fi) feeds (a) sinusoidal (b) square-wave (c) reception vessel valve operating sequences which are synchronized with the feed policies (see Figure 2 for the location of the valves...

The high sensitivity of atomic Sagnac interferometers to rotation rates will enable HYPER to measure the modulation of the precession due to the Lense-Thirring effect while the satellite orbits around the Earth. In a Sun-synchronous, circular orbit at 700 km altitude, HYPER will detect how the direction of the Earth s drag varies over the course of the near-polar orbit as a function of the latitudinal position 9 ... 

The multiple sites that serve as origins for DNA replication in eukaryotes are poorly defined except in a few animal viruses and in yeast. However, it is clear that initiation is regulated both spatially and temporaUy, since clusters of adjacent sites initiate rephcation synchronously. There are suggestions that functional domains of chromatin replicate as intact units, implying that the origins of rephcation are specificaUy located with respect to transcription units. 

The reasons for this are diverse and include the fact that models of cardiac cellular activity were among the first cell models ever developed. Analytical descriptions of virtually all cardiac cell types are now available. Also, the large-scale integration of cardiac organ activity is helped immensely by the high degree of spatial and temporal regularity of functionally relevant events and structures, as cells in the heart beat synchronously. 

In this chapter, we present the principles of conventional Mossbauer spectrometers with radioactive isotopes as the light source Mossbauer experiments with synchrotron radiation are discussed in Chap. 9 including technical principles. Since complete spectrometers, suitable for virtually all the common isotopes, have been commercially available for many years, we refrain from presenting technical details like electronic circuits. We are concerned here with the functional components of a spectrometer, their interaction and synchronization, the different operation modes and proper tuning of the instrument. We discuss the properties of radioactive y-sources to understand the requirements of an efficient y-counting system, and finally we deal with sample preparation and the optimization of Mossbauer absorbers. For further reading on spectrometers and their technical details, we refer to the review articles [1-3]. 

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