Synaptic plasticity regulation

Tomita S, Stein V, Stocker TJ, Nicoll RA, Bredt DS. 2005. Bidirectional synaptic plasticity regulated by phosphorylation of stargazin-like TARPs. Neuron 45 269-277. 

Lasley SM University of Illinois, Peoria, 111 Pb-induced alterations of the glutamate-mediated regulation of intracellular Ca+2 concentrations and synaptic plasticity in hippocampal neurons (rats) National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences... 

We utilized this technique to analyze Scrapper gene-dehcient (SCR-KO) mice.21 SCRAPPER, a protein that we have recently reported, is localized at synapses in neurons. It is a ubiquitin E3 ligase that is involved in the decomposition of RIM (Rab3-interacting molecule) 1, an important regulator of synaptic plasticity, and thus regulates synaptic transmissions.22... 

Postsynaptic forms of synaptic plasticity are also heavily regulated by protein phosphorylation. For example, control of protein dephosphorylation catalyzed by PP1 has... 

Curtis, J. and Finkbeiner, S. Sending signals from the synapse to the nucleus possible roles for CaMK, Ras/ERK, and SAPK pathways in the regulation of synaptic plasticity and neuronal growth. /. Neurosci. Res. 58 88-95,1999. 

Recently, it has been appreciated that some of these growth factors serve a much wider role. For example, nerve growth factor has been shown to acutely regulate aspects of neurotransmitter synthesis and release, as well as mediating both synaptic plasticity and the stabilization of synaptic contacts. It is likely that in subsequent years we will discover additional novel actions of these molecules. 

Finally, this section has focused almost entirely on axonal transport, but dendritic transport also occurs [25]. Since dendrites usually include postsynaptic regions while most axons terminate in presynaptic elements, the dendritic and axonal transport each receive a number of unique proteins. An added level of complexity for intraneuronal transport phenomena is the intriguing observation that mRNA is routed into dendrites where it is implicated in local protein synthesis at postsynaptic sites, but ribosomal components and mRNA are largely excluded from axonal domains [26]. Regulation of protein synthesis in dendritic compartments is an important mechanism is synaptic plasticity [27,28]. The importance of dendritic mRNA transport and local protein synthesis is underscored by the demonstration that the mutation associated with Fragile X syndrome affects a protein important for transport and localization of mRNA in dendrites [27, 29], Similar processes of mRNA transport have been described in glial cells [30]. 

Chen, C., Magee, J. C. and Bazan, N. G. Cyclooxygenase-2 regulates prostaglandin E2 signaling in hippocampal longterm synaptic plasticity. J. Neurophysiol. 87 2851-2857, 2002. 

Gilman, C. P. and Mattson, M. P. Do apoptotic mechanisms regulate synaptic plasticity and growth cone motility. Neuromolecular Med. 2 197-214, 2002. 

The recently developed GLUK5 selective compound LY382884 (47) is the first antagonist that is selective enough for kainate receptors over AMPA receptors to be used to study the functions of native KA receptors in the presence of intact AMPA receptor-mediated transmission. The use of LY382884 has uncovered a role for kainate receptors in the regulation of short- and long-term synaptic plasticity in the mossy-fiber pathway (49,77) as well as at thalamocortical synapses (87) (Fig. 3)... 

Kauer JA, Malenka RC (2007) Synaptic plasticity and addiction. Nat Rev Neurosci 8 844-858 Kawai H, Berg DK (2001) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors containing alpha subunits on rat cortical neurons do not undergo long-lasting inactivation even when up-regulated by chronic nicotine exposure. J Neurochem 78 1367-1378... 

Multiple molecular sites of calcium regulation are necessary for normal neuronal excitability, synaptic plasticity, and learning and memory in the... 

Song I. and HuganirR. L. (2002). Regulation of AMPA receptors during synaptic plasticity. Trends Neurosci. 25 578-588. 

Another mechanism of synaptic dysfunction in AD may involve amyloid ft peptide (Aft a 40 to 42 amino acid peptide). A marked increase in Aft levels occurs in brain tissue from AD patients. A ft inhibits glutamatergic neurotransmission and reduces synaptic plasticity (Snyder et al., 2005). Treatment of cortical neuronal cultures with Aft facilitates endocytosis of NMDA receptor. Aft-mediated endo-cytosis of NMDA receptor requires the a-1 nicotinic receptor, protein phosphatase 2B, and the tyrosine phosphatase STEP. Dephosphorylation of the NMDA receptor subunit NR2B at Tyrl472 correlates with receptor endocytosis. The addition of a y-secretase inhibitor not only reduces Aft but also restores surface expression of NMDA receptors, suggesting that A plays an important role in the regulation of NMDA and AMPA receptor trafficking (Snyder et al., 2005 Morishita et al., 2005). 

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