Symbolization backgrounds

Linus Pauling is portrayed on this 1977 Volta stamp The chemical formulas depict the two resonance forms of ben zene and the explosion in the background symbolizes Pauling s efforts to limit the testing of nuclear weapons... 

Even a simple representation such as this assumes a good deal of background knowledge in those expected to make sense of it. The representation combines graphical features meant to model the shape of the molecule, but includes symbols... 

Drawing on Background Knowledge to Interpret Symbolic Representations... 

This student had no chemistry background knowledge and did not think about matter in a particulate way. This student did not hnk to the macro and sub-micro levels simultaneously but used them independently. These results reveal difficulties that some students have in identifying the significant components of chemical diagrams and the conventional symbolism that are used. Consequently, assumptions commonly made by instractors with respect to students abilities to interpret chemical diagrams should be questioned. 

Next to the risk number and sentence on the label there is a symbol representing a black flame on an orange background and the letter F . This labelling is described in a decree published in the official French journal already mentioned (see note, p.58). 

Figure 4.5 Potentiometrically determined [162] lipophilicity profiles of a dipeptide, showing the effect of background salt concentrations. The unfilled symbols [282] and the filled symbols [371] are based on shake-flask measurements. [Avdeef, A., Curr. Topics Med. Chem., 1, 277-351 (2001). Reproduced with permission from Bentham Science...

To avoid confusion, A is used here as symbol for the sensitivity matrix Bauer et al. [1991a, b] use S for this purpose and B for the background vector (here y0). 

Figure 8.47. SRSAXS raw data (open symbols) and model fit (solid line) for a nano structured material using a finite lattice model. The model components are demonstrated absorption factor Asr, density fluctuation background Ipu smooth phase transition/. The solid monotonous line demonstrates the shape of the Porod law in the raw data. At sq the absorption is switching from fully illuminated sample to partial illumination of the sample...

FIGURE 8.10 H2S consumption in rat aorta smooth muscle cells (RASMCs). Accumulated data from several experiments showing RASMC H2S consumption rates (filled circles and squares) as a function of H2S concentration, compared to H2S oxidation rates in solution without cells (open circles and squares). Heat-inactivated RASMC H2S consumption rates (open plus symbols) were equivalent to background rates without cells. Inset Representative PHSS traces showing stepwise additions of Na2S stock, at arrows, in the presence (thin line) and absence (thick line) of RASMCs (after [41]). 

Label (manufacturer s) design—Physical label design, e.g., contrast of label information and background, letter font, symbol(s), or logo, causes information to be overlooked or difficult to read. 

Rgure 2.28. Log force vs. arbitrary separation curves for the approach of a glass probe and a droplet from emulsion. The symbols correspond to different levels of cross-linking of PDMS droplets ( ) 50% 45% ( ) 40% (A) 35% (Q) 30%. The background... 

Figure 16.1 (Before correction) Examples of common formatting errors in line graphs (Figure 1) and bar graphs (Figure 2). (Note The authors used red and blue symbols in Figure 1 blue, red, and purple bars in Figure 2 and gray backgrounds.)...

Note Units are the equivalent signal from 1 X 106 HO molecules per cubic centimeter ambient the symbol + indicates positive interference from spurious HO, and indicates a negative interference. Gross resonant background is the sum of backgrounds with and without isobutane values for single-pass (80) and multipass (80, 103) measurements were 10, 78, and 63, respectively. NA, not available. 

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