Sweetness of the

Table 23.2 gives the relative sweetness of the mono- and disaccharides considered here, along with sucrose substitutes. 

Sugar is added to a cup of coffee until no more sugar will dissolve. Does addition of another spoonful of sugar increase the rate at which the sugar molecules leave the crystal phase and enter the liquid phase Will the sweetness of the liquid be increased by this addition Explain. 

Period wisdom was that the arctic sweetness of the cream mint disguised the mouth boil of bootleggers booze. 

It is puzzling that the chlorine and other halogen substituents are not known to enhance the sweetness of other sugars, such as methyl -d-glycopyranosides, a,a-trehalose, maltose, or lactose. On the contrary, all of the deoxyhalo sugar derivatives tasted were extremely bitter. The high sweetness of the deoxyhalosucroses is clearly inexplicable in terms of either... 

Among the hexitols, n.m.r. and X-ray crystallographic data " showed that galactitol and D-mannitol exist as planar zigzag conformers. Solutions of the others contain appreciable proportions of sickle and other bent carbon-carbon chain conformers. The low sweetness of the hexitols could possibly be due to increased hydrogen-bonding due to increased chain-length. 

Tinti and coworkers compared the sweetness of the derivatives of 2-propoxy-5-nitroanilines in which the nitro group was replaced by a CN or a CO J substituent. They found that the cyano derivative is sweet (although the sweetness is only one-third that of the nitro derivative), whereas the carboxyl derivative is not this seemed to suggest that the nitro group may not be the B unit of the AH,B system, as assigned by both Shallenberger... 

Maltodextrins, which are effectively a low DE glucose spray-dried syrup, are sometimes added to biscuits to enhance crispness. The low sweetness of the maltodextrins is a plus since they can be used in savoury biscuits where the sweetness of sugar would be inappropriate. 

After much effort, Tate Lyle eventually selected 4,l, 6 -trichloro-4,l, 6 -tri-deoxy-galacto-sucrose (TGS) as the product that they would develop as a high-intensity, noncaloric sweetener. The Tate Lyle selection was based upon the ease with which this chlorinated sucrose could be produced industrially in high yield, the high-intensity of sweetness of the molecule (650 times sweeter than sucrose), its excellent shelf-life, and the fact that it was essentially nontoxic and unmetabolized by animals (and man). It was also devoid of the bitter or peculiar after-tastes of many... 

Invented in 1527, laudanum, a designation for a number of products containing opium, iiquor, and a variety of other ingredients, was the most popuiar form of opium consumption in the West. Of all the laudanum products available, the most popular was a brand called Sydenham s Laudanum, which contained one pound of sherry wine, two ounces of opium, one ounce of saffron, one ounce of powder of cinnamon, and one ounce of powder of cloves. Its popularity stemmed from the sweetness of the sherry undercutting the natural bitterness of opium. For more than 400 years, this method of opium drinking remained widespread among Western nations. 

Humectants—Humectants such as glycerine and sorbitol (5-20% of the mouthwashes) increase the viscosity of the preparation and enhance the sweetness of the final product. It also enhances the preservative property of the product along with alcohol. 

Another perfume that may be included in the sweet floral family, and that has enjoyed great success in the United States, is Vanderbilt, created in 1981. Built around a combination of fresh citrus top notes, orange blossom, and tuberose, Hedione, methyl ionone, heliotropin, vanillin, and musk ketone, with iso E super coming in as the woody note, it lacks much of the heavy floral sweetness of the other perfumes in the group, lacking most of the eugenol with little or no ylang or coumarin. 

Otherwise, in general construction the perfume follows closely that of a classical oriental, with citrus oils (making up some 25%), lavender, sandalwood, patchouli, vanillin, coumarin, castoreum, and rose. The general sweetness of the perfume is further enhanced by the choice of musk materials, Galaxolide (5%), Tonalid, ethylene brassylate, and musk ketone, as well as by the use of Cashmeran, an intensely sweet fruity musk material associated with the synthesis of Galaxolide. 

In contrast to the tubers, the stems and leaves of Jerusalem artichoke are readily killed by frost. Therefore, if the tops are required for fodder or other uses, they must be cut prior to the first frost. The tubers are harvested after the tops have been killed by frost, to ensure that sufficient nutrients have been translocated to the tubers. Frost also enhances the sweetness of the tubers, raising sugar yields for certain industrial applications and improving their flavor for culinary usage. 

Answer Straight-chain fructose can cyclize to yield either the pyranose or the furanose structure. Increasing the temperature shifts the equilibrium in the direction of the furanose form, reducing the sweetness of the solution. The higher the temperature, the less sweet is the fructose solution. 

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