Survey of Previous Work

When our interest in this area mas aroused in 1969, a survey of previous work showed that, although many aqueous mixtures had been studied, attention had been accorded to very few systems of very low water content. In fact, at that time no "dry", two-component system had been examined with respect to the volatiles produced, a surprising omission considering the importance of roasting and grilling. 

Metzger and his co-workers have made a detailed study of the i.r. spectra of benzothiazole and of 29 of its mono-, di-, and tri-substituted derivatives. The extensive data have provided the basis for the assignment of v(CH) stretching and y(CH) out-of-plane deformation frequencies, as well as the other fundamental vibrations of the benzothiazole system. The Raman spectra of benzothiazole and its 2-methyl and 2-chloro-derivatives were also studied. The paper includes a useful literature survey of previous work on the vibrational spectra of benzothiazoles. ... 

The chemistry and properties of cyclopolysilanes have been summarized in various earlier reviews. The review published in 1995 by Hengge and Janoschek provides the most up-to-date summary of the field of cyclopolysilane chemistry and covers the literature up to 19945a-d. In the current chapter, therefore, recent results gained since 1994 will be emphasized and only a short survey of older investigations will be given. The interested reader is referred to the reviews cited above for further details of previous work. Cyclopolysilanes containing endocyclic heteroatoms are also beyond the scope of this article. 

This review follows the pattern of previous years and deliberately sets out to provide a broad survey of published work over a wide area. This is considered to be more generally useful than a discussion of a limited number of special topics. 

The prototype of a conjugated polymer is the linear, infinite chain of carbon atoms. For a recent survey of experimental work on polyynes, often also termed carbynes, see (4). Only a few ab initio calculations have been performed on polyynes in the past (5-7). Here we present data considerably improved with respect to lattice summations than the previously published calculations. 

The last two decades have seen a growing interest in the mechanism of inorganic reactions in solution. Nowhere is this activity more evident than in the topic covered by this review the oxidation-reduction processes of metal complexes. This subject has been reviewed a number of times previously, notably by Taube (1959), Halpern (1961), Sutin (1966), and Sykes (1967). Other articles and books concerned, wholly or partly, with the topic include those by Stranks, Fraser , Strehlow, Reynolds and Lumry , Basolo and Pearson, and Candlin et al ° Important recent articles on the theoretical aspects are those by Marcus and Ruff. Elementary accounts of redox reactions are included in the books by Edwards , Sykes and Benson . The object of the present review is to provide a more detailed survey of the experimental work than has hitherto been available. 

NPR191>. Periodical reports on other types of alkaloids from the same sources also contain information on certain arenoquinolizine alkaloids like the berberin and emetan derivatives that are normally classified as isoquinoline alkaloids. For surveys of the literature published prior to 1996, perusal of the corresponding chapters in previous editions of this work <1984CHEC(2)525, 1996CHEC-II(8)507> is recommended. 

This review deals mainly with BL analytical applications in the last 10-15 past years, but some previous fundamental works are also listed. In Table 3 some fundamentals references of general interest and the findings of recent symposia on this topic are collected. In the journal Luminescence, the Journal of Biological and Chemical Luminescence (previously Journal of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence) are also reported surveys of the recent literature on selected topics (like ATP or GFP applications), instruments, and kits commercially available. 

More than 30 years ago it became apparent that sandstones of the Athabasca Basin in Saskatchewan are host to significant deposits of uranium. Previous work elsewhere, primarily in the Colorado Plateau (Cannon 1964) and the former Soviet Union (Kovalevsky 1972), had shown that plants are capable of accumulating high concentrations of U. Surveys near the eastern margin of the Athabasca Group revealed an area of... 

In previous work (85MI1 87AHC319), the synthesis and chemistry of pyrazolopyridines and pyrazolopyrimidines was surveyed. This chapter reports synthetic approaches to other aromatic 10 tt electron systems containing a pyrazole moiety, as well as the systems main chemical and physicochemical properties. 

The last comprehensive survey of this area dates back to 1984, when the two-volume set edited by Padwa, 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Chemistry, appeared. Since then, substantial gains in the synthetic aspects of this chemistry have dominated the area, including both methodology development and a body of creative and conceptually new applications of these [3+ 2]-cycloadditions in organic synthesis. The focus of this volume centers on the utility of this cycloaddition reaction in synthesis, and deals primarily with information that has appeared in the literature since 1984. Consequently, only a selected number of dipoles are reviewed, with a major emphasis on synthetic applications. Both carbonyl ylides and nitronates, important members of the 1,3-dipole family that were not reviewed previously, are now included. Discussion of the theoretical, mechanistic, and kinetic aspects of the dipolar-cycloaddition reaction have been kept to a minimum, but references to important new work in these areas are given throughout the 12 chapters. 

Lignocellulose or isolated lignin has been oxidized, using various reagents, and many different oxidation products have been reported. To compare previous work with our results, Tables I and II present a survey of oxidation products reported in the literature in which the oxidants we studied—namely, nitrobenzene, oxygen, and nitric acid—were used. The review has been limited to these oxidants but includes certain products from related oxidations such as hydrogen peroxide or ozone, or from nitrating nitric acid solutions. The products isolated from the different oxida-... 

Residents also report negative effects of sleep loss on their physical health. In one study of house officers in Scotland (71), both the number of hours worked and the number of hours slept while on call were associated with the number of somatic symptoms they reported experiencing over the previous year. In a recent resident survey study (72), sleep loss was associated with self-reported increased stress, accidents, and injuries, and alcohol and stimulant use sleep loss was correlated with stress and illness and injury levels, and with reported significant weight change and alcohol and medication use in a dose-dependent fashion. 

The authors would like to emphasize that excellent reviews about the biological activity of nitro-aromatic compounds in bacterial and mammalian cells have been presented, several of which have discussed SARs in nitro-aromatic compounds to some extent [3, 6, 8, 15-20]. The present survey is meant to complement those previous works. 

The first section in the body of the report is the introduction. It states the purpose and scope of the report and indicates why the design project originally appeared to be feasible or necessary. The relationship of the information presented in the report to other phases of the company s operations can be covered, and the effects of future developments may be worthy of mention. References to previous work can be discussed in the introduction, or a separate section can be presented dealing with literature-survey results and other previous work. 

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