Surgical alloy

Buchanan, R. A. and Lemons, J.E. In Vivo Corrosion-Polarisation Behavior of Titanium-base and Cobalt-base Surgical Alloys , Transactions of the Eighth Annual Meeting of the Society for Biomaterials, Orlando, Florida (1982)... 

Morral, F. R., Crevice Corrosion of Cobalt Based Surgical Alloys , Journal of Materials, 1, 384 (1966)... 

Carbon ion implantation has been used as a pretreatment process to control die nucleation of diamond particles on surgical alloy T1-6A1-4V substrates.l Carbon ions at 30 keV were implanted at room temperature into masked r ons on the substrates, up to doses of 10 -7 x 10 ions cm . The SEM, microfocus Raman scattering and RBS analyses of diamond nucleation in MW PACVD indicated that the carbon ion implantation was very effective in controlling diamond nucleation on Ti-6A1-4V, and diamond nucleation density depended on ion dose. The carbon ion implantation gave rise to (a) a decrease in diamond nucleation density, up to 8 times smaller than that on the substrate polished with 0.25 pm diamond paste (2-5 x 10 17C 7 7 X 106 o.m-21- rh)... 

NiTi surgical alloy Sol-gel Improvement of the corrosion resistance and blood compatibility of NiTi surgical aUoy [567]... 

J.X. Liu, D.Z. Yang, F. Shi, Y.J. Cai, Sol-gel deposited Ti02 film on NiTi surgical alloy for biocompatibihty improvement . Thin Solid Films, 429, 225-230,... 

In the beginning of the twentieth century, surgical techniques were developed for the fixation of bone fractures with a plate and screw combination. Sherman-type bone plates were fabricated from the best available alloy at the time, vanadium steel. By the 1920s the use of vanadium steel became questionable because of poor tissue compatibility. At that time however, no other alloy was available with high strength and good corrosion resistant properties. 

Luckey, H. A., Kubli, Jr. F., Editors Introduction , in Titanium Alloys in Surgical Implants, ASTM Publication STP 796, 1-3, Philadelphia (1983)... 

Greene, N. D., Corrosion of Surgical Implant Alloys A Few Basic Ideas , in Corrosion and Degradation of Implant Materials, Second Symposium, (Eds) A. C. Fraker and C. D. Griflin, 5-10 ASTM Publication STP 859, Philadelphia (1985)... 

Lucas, L. C., Buchanan, R. A., Lemons, J. E., and Griffin, C. D., Susceptibility of Surgical Cobalt-Base Alloy to Pitting Corrosion , Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 16, 799-810 (1982)... 

Solar R. J., Pollack, S. R. and Korostoffe, E., In-vitro Corrosion Testing of Titanium Surgical Implant Alloys An Approach to Understanding Titanium Release from Implants , Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 13, 217-250 (1979)... 

A rapidly growing use in the medical field is for surgical implants as either bone plates and screws, joint replacements, or for the repair of cranial injuries. Here, titanium and its alloys have the advantages of complete compatibility with body fluids, low density, and low modulus. Applications also exist in dentistry. 

Cobalt ores are often found in association with copper(II) sulfide. Cobalt is a silver-gray metal and is used mainly for alloying with iron. Alnico steel, an alloy of iron, nickel, cobalt, and aluminum, is used to make permanent magnets such as those in loudspeakers. Cobalt steels are hard enough to be used as surgical steels, drill bits, and lathe tools. The color of cobalt glass is due to a blue pigment that forms when cobalt(II) oxide is heated with silica and alumina. 

Stellite (alloy of cobalt, tungsten, chromium, and molybdenum) used for surgical instruments. 

Stainless steels Alloy 2C cast and wrought in galvanic series, 7 805t Stainless steel surgical needles, 24 206 Stain removal... 

Titanium alloys generally show a combination of strength and biocompatibility which makes them suitable for medical devices (prosthesis, surgical instruments). The high strength Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy has several orthodontic applications. Only a limited number of alloys have the necessary combinations of properties needed for successful use in the human body. Titanium and its alloys, stainless steels and cobalt-chromium alloys are the workhorse alloys in the medical device industry. 

About 90% of all the zirconium produced in the United States is used in the nuclear electrical power industry. Since it does not readily absorb neutrons, it is a desired metal in the manufacture of nuclear reactors and their fuel tubes, but it must be free of its twin hafnium for these purposes. Zirconium is also used as an alloy with steel to make surgical instruments. 

Iridosmine is not a compound, but an alloy of iridium, osmium, and a small amount of platinum that is used to make fine-pointed surgical instruments and needles and to form the fine tips of fountain pens. It is used worldwide to make weights because it resists oxidation better than any other alloyed metals. 

The most important applications of zirconium involve its alloys, Zircaloy. The aUoy offers excellent mechanical and heat-transfer properties and great resistance to corrosion and chemical attack. This, in conjunction with the fact that zirconium has a low neutron absorption cross section, makes this ahoy a suitable choice as a construction material for thermal nuclear reactors and nuclear power plants. Other uses are as an ingredient of explosive mixtures, as getter in vacuum tubes, and in making flash bulb, flash powder (historical), and lamp filaments, in rayon spinnerets, and in surgical appliances. 

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