Surfactant applications Paper pulp

Fluorinated surfactants can be added to the pulp slurry, applied to the paper surface, or included in pigmented coatings. The surface treatment process is the most efficient mode of fluorinated surfactant application and easier to control than the internal application process. In pigmented coatings on the outside of boxes or bags, fluorinated surfactants are used to prevent soiling and maintain the appearance of the package. 

To illustrate another component of the forest products industry it may be instructive to take a brief look at the pine chemicals industry. The pine chemicals industry is not a new industry, but it is a very small portion of what is now known as the specialty chemicals industry, despite the fact that pine chemicals have been in active use for longer than the modern chemical industry era that arose in the early part of the 20th century. The pine chemicals industry has been extracting useful products such as turpentine and other simple materials for literally hundreds of years. With the rise of the pulp and paper industry, chemicals have in the majority been extracted from two waste streams crude tall oil and crude sulfate turpentine. Crude tall oil can be further separated into a fatty acid fraction, a tall oil fraction, a tail oil rosin fraction, and a tall oil pitch fraction. The crude sulfate fraction is separated into a variety of terpene monomers that can be further transformed into a variety of terpene resins. AH of these streams can be used as raw materials for coatings, various oil applications, surfactants, adhesives, inks, etc. [50]. 

APEs play an important role in a nnmber of indnstrial processes—pulp and paper, textiles, coatings, agricnltnral pesticides, lube oils and fnels, and metals and plastics. APEs are the most effective compounds in nonionic surfactants for indnstrial, institntional, and commercial cleaning products. In 1990 alone, more than 450 million ponnds of APE snrfactants were produced in the United States for domestic sale. Industrial applications consists of indnstrial and institutional cleaning products (30%), household cleaning prodncts (15%), and other nses (<1%). 

Dr. Zelenev s professional interests include industrial applications of colloid and surface science, pulp and paper, oil and gas production, coagulation and flocculation, lyophobic and lyophilic colloidal systems, surfactant phase behavior, interaction of surfactants with surfaces, microencapsulation, particle deposition and aggregation, particle and surfactant transport in porous media, wetting and spreading, development of novel experimental methods for studying colloidal systems, and physical-chemical mechanics. Dr. Zelenev is an inventor on four issued U.S. patents and five pending patent applications, coauthor of 22 scientific publications, and coauthor of the textbook Colloid and Surface Chemistry (Elsevier, 2001). 

The ability to spread and the intrinsic hydrophobidty of silicones make them among the lowest surface-energy compounds known [16]. Hence, siHcones are used as relejise agents to prevent adhesion in many applications. When silicones are chemically combined with hydrophilic species such as cationic species or poly(ethylene oxide), very interesting surfactant properties arise. For example, silicones are used as foam stabilizers in the making of polyurethane foams, while silicone copolymers are used as defoamers in the food, pulp and paper industries [13]. 

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