Surface plasmon experimental system

The theoretical predictions prompted an experimental search for electrochemical Turing structures that was successful shortly after. The first experimentally observed Turing structures are reproduced in Fig. 71. They stem from the periodate reduction on Au in the presence of camphor whose homogeneous dynamics was introduced in Section 3.2.2. The patterns could be made visible with surface plasmon microscopy (cf. Fig. 54). When changing the composition of the electrolyte, the wavelength of the patterns changed, in accordance with the theoretical result that the wavelength depends on the system s parameters, but not on the dimension of the... 

Presented experimental results suggest that application of herbicide-binding protein in sensor technology has a high potential. Several detection systems were tested in combination with D1 protein electrochemical (amperometry and cyclic voltammetry), optical (surface plasmon resonance and ellipsometty) and assays (ELISA and D1 protein- containing liposomes and DELFIA fluori-metric assay). The main mechanisms of D1 action are either on the ability of herbicides to replace the plastoquinone molecule in D1 protein and in this way change the electrochemical and optical... 

During these three years our enthusiasm for RDE has continually increased. Many of the early predictions have been confirmed experimentally. As one example we recently observed directional emission based on fluorophores located near a thin metal film, a phenomenon we call surface plasmon coupled emission (SPCE). We see numerous applications for RDE in biotechnology, clinical assays and analytical chemistry. The technology needed to implement RDE is straightforward and easily adapted by most laboratories. The procedures for making noble metal particles and surfaces are simple and inexpensive. The surface chemistry is well developed, and the noble metals are easily tolerated by biochemistry systems. 

It should be pointed out at this juncture that a given laser excitation frequency fixes ef and thus fixes the value of a/b at which the surface plasmon resonance occurs. Molecules located at spheroids with smaller or larger values of a/b will not be enhanced as much because the dipolar surface plasmon is off resonance. Thus, at a given laser excitation, only spheroids of one aspect ratio will show the maximum enhancement. Since in the actual experimental situation, there are various possible molecular orientations and a distribution of bump sizes on an electrochemically pretreated SERS metal surface and in a colloidal system, only a fraction of the sites will show the maximum enhancement. Furthermore, all molecules will not be located at the tip of the metal particles but will be distributed over the metal surface. It follows that the actual EM enhancement will be an average over the spheroid surface of isolated particles as well as an average over the aspect ratio of the particle distribution. These two effects greatly lower the net EM enhancement. 

In this review we consider how EELS complements other high-energy spectroscopies in elucidating the electronic properties of rare earths and their compounds. Section 2 reviews the interaction of electrons with matter, while section 3 surveys the experimental techniques of transmission and reflection EELS. Section 4 considers excitation of the outer electrons in rare earth metals and their compounds one-electron and plasmon losses show both continuation of bulk properties to the surface and modified surface environment. Section 5 looks at core excitations, which emphasise atomic rather than band-like properties, while section 6 suggests new applications of EELS which will enhance understanding of the idiosyncracies of rare earth systems that keep the rare earth community both intrigued and employed. 

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