Surface morphology, atomic force microscopy

Annis B K, Noid D W, Sumpter B G, Reffner J R and Wunderlich B 1992 Application of atomic force microscopy (AFM) to a block copolymer and an extended chain polyethylene Makromol. Chem., Rapid. Commun. 13 169 Annis B K, Schwark D W, Reffner J R, Thomas E L and Wunderlich B 1992 Determination of surface morphology of diblock copolymers of styrene and butadiene by atomic force microscopy Makromol. Chem. 193 2589... 

Surface morphology Reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) Atomic force microscopy (AFM)... 

Puskas, J.E., Antony, P., Kwon, Y., Kovar, M., and Norton, P.R. Study of the surface morphology of polyisobutylene-based block copolymers by atomic force microscopy, J. Macromol. Sci., Macromol. Symp., 183, 191-197, 2002. 

Diblock copolymers PEO-fo-PS have been prepared using PEO macroinitiator and ATRP techniques [125]. The macroinitiator was synthesized by the reaction of monohydroxy-functionalized PEO with 2-chloro-2-phenylacetyl-chloride. MALDI-TOF revealed the successful synthesis of the macroinitiators. The ATRP of styrene was conducted in bulk at 130 °C with CuCl as the catalyst and 2,2 bipyridine, bipy, as the ligand. Yields higher than 80% and rather narrow molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn < 1.3) were obtained. The surface morphology of these samples was investigated by atomic force microscopy, AFM. 

The morphology of Prussian blue electrodeposited onto a mono-crystalline graphite surface was investigated by atomic force microscopy (ATM) and is presented in... 

The morphology of the organic films can be assessed using optical microscopy (in particular techniques such as Nomarski microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and surface profiling techniques). It should also be noted that the purity of the organic materials used is of crucial importance for efficient charge transport and emission in addition to the lifetime of the OLED. 

In addition to surface analytical techniques, microscopy, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), also provide invaluable information regarding the surface morphology, physico-chemical interaction at the fiber-matrix interface region, surface depth profile and concentration of elements. It is beyond the scope of this book to present details of all these microscopic techniques. 

Higgins S.R., Boram L.H., Eggleston C.M., Coles B.A., Compton R.G., and Knauss K.G. (2002a) Dissolution kinetics, step and surface morphology of magnesite (104) surfaces in acidic aqueous solution at 60°C by atomic force microscopy under defined hydro-dynamic conditions. /. Phys. Chem. B 106, 6696-6705. 

C. Robinson, K. Yamamoto, S.D. Connell, J. Kirkham, H. Nakagaki, A.D. Smith, The effect of fluoride on the nanostructure and surface pK of enamel crystals An atomic force microscopy study of human and rat enamel, Eur. J. Oral Sci. 114 (2006) 99-104. E.D. Eanes, A.W. Mailer, The effect of fluoride on the size and morphology of apatite crystals grown from physiological solutions, Calcif. Tissue Int. 63 (1998) 250-257. 

In a recent communication [91], Ni surface alloyed with Cu, Ti, or Cu + Ti by ion implantation was examined for its redox and electrocatalytic activities by cyclic voltammetry. The surface was characterized by XPS, x-ray, and electron diffraction, as well as by electron and atomic force microscopies. This type of material exhibited a unique voltammetric response of Ni and was shown to stabilize the / -modification of the Ni oxide/hydroxide. It was demonstrated that the morphology and microstructure differ from those of bulk materials. 

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) These methodologies for probing the morphological details of a surface down to... 

Determination of the optimal experimental conditions for the atomic force microscopy (AFM) characterization of the surface morphology of a DNA electrochemical biosensor obtained using different immobilization procedures of calf-thymus double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) electrode surface. 

---