Microscopy Nomarski

Nomarski microscopy is an examination mode using differential interference contrast (DIC). The images that DIC produces are deceptively three-dimensional with apparent shadows and a relief-like appearance. Nomarski microscopy also uses polarized light with the polarizer and the analyzer arranged as in the polarized light mode. In addition, double quartz prisms ( Wollaston prisms or DIC prisms) are used to split polarized light and generate a phase difference. 

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The morphology of the organic films can be assessed using optical microscopy (in particular techniques such as Nomarski microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and surface profiling techniques). It should also be noted that the purity of the organic materials used is of crucial importance for efficient charge transport and emission in addition to the lifetime of the OLED. 

Figure 1.41 Optical arrangement of Nomarski microscopy in reflected light illumination. 1, polarizer 2, j-piate 3, DIC prism 4, objective lens 5, specimen 6, light reflector and 7, analyzer.

Fig. 1. Visualizing DTC migration defects with Nomarski microscopy, (a) Normal DTC migration results in a U-shaped gonad arm. Only the anterior gonad arm is shown, (b) In gon-I/ADAMTS RNAi the DTC does not migrate, resulting in a short gonad arm. Each DTC is indicated by an arrowhead. Magnification x20. Scale bar 20 pm.

Overview of Nomarski microscopy with interactive tutorials, from Olympus Microscopy Resource Center... 

Nomarski microscopy Differential interference contrast microscopy utilizes differences in refractive index to visuahze structures producing a nearly three-dimensional image. 

Another technique for crystallinity analysis is the measurement of pole figures. It is widely applied for thin films, LPE films, melt-processed polycrystalline samples with a noticeable texture (Goyal et al. 1993). In fig. 33, a good crystallinity of the Y123 LPE film is evidently obtained due to a specific growth mechanism, mentioned above (sect. 5.4), despite the large misfit between the film and the MgO substrate. Differential interference contrast (DIM or Nomarski) microscopy can be successfully applied to observe misorientation on flat ( mirror-like ) surfaces (Klemenz and Scheel 1993). 

Figure 5.14 The microstructure of the set cement is clearly revealed by Nomarski reflectance optical microscopy. Glass particles are distinguished from the matrix by the presence of etched circular areas at the site of the phase-separated droplets (Barry, Clinton Wilson, 1979).

Nomarski differential in plants with light-stressed foliage Reveals edges in biological microscopy Scanning Surface topography, surface spectroscopy,... 

A portion of the exiting stream of the molten blend is diverted into the Flow Cell , where Nomarsky reflection microscopy is carried out in a thin slit, the bottom plate of which is reflective polished steel and the top is a quartz window. The microscope, the rapid image data acquisition device, and analyzer are capable of producing dispersion data down to sizes of one micrometer. The TSMEE is shown schematically for both the (M-M) and DMM) modes in Fig. 11.31 (119-121). 

Nomarski differential interference contrast microscopy is an alternative to phase contrast microscopy which gives an almost three... 

Microscopy with differential interference optics (e.g., Zeiss-Nomarski amplitude-contrast optics Webster et al., 1974). 

Hie most important optical technique for examining semiconductor wafer surfaces is the differential interference contrast microscopy method of Nomarski (N-DIC). First described in 1952, DIG... 

Fig. 7.6 Apoptosis observed by fluorescence microscopy. Apoptotic cells appear labeled with green or red fluorescence if very late apoptosis was achieved (Annexin V and propidium iodide staining). Necrotic cells appear labeled with red fluorescence. Left column images obtained with Nomarsky right column images obtained with fluorescence staining. Almost no apoptosis is de-...

To understand the release mechanism, cryomicrotomy was used to slice 10 m-thick sections throughout the matrices. Viewed under an optical microscope, polymer films cast without proteins appeared as nonporous sheets. Matrices cast with proteins and sectioned prior to release displayed areas of either polymer or protein. Matrices initially cast with proteins and released to exhaustion (e.g., greater than 5 months) appeared as porous films. Pores with diameters as large as 100 /xm, the size of the protein particles, were observed. The structures visualized were also confirmed by Nomarski (differential interference contrast microscopy). It appeared that although pure polymer films were impermeable to macromolecules (2), molecules incorporated in the matrix dissolved once water penetrated the matrix and were then able to diffuse to the surface through pores created as the particles of molecules dissolved. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the pores were interconnected (7). 

An even more refined method of study is interference-contrast microscopy [following Nomarski (767)] which converts minute topographical differences into color changes. Replica electron microscopy (77), gold decoration (see Section III,A,1), and scanning electron microscopy are also useful but less practicable. Occasionally it is profitable to follow the course of the reaction, in situ, using time-lapse cinematography (77). 

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