Surface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy,

Interfacial water molecules play important roles in many physical, chemical and biological processes. A molecular-level understanding of the structural arrangement of water molecules at electrode/electrolyte solution interfaces is one of the most important issues in electrochemistry. The presence of oriented water molecules, induced by interactions between water dipoles and electrode and by the strong electric field within the double layer has been proposed [39-41]. It has also been proposed that water molecules are present at electrode surfaces in the form of clusters [42, 43]. Despite the numerous studies on the structure of water at metal electrode surfaces using various techniques such as surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy [44, 45], surface infrared spectroscopy [46, 47[, surface enhanced infrared spectroscopy [7, 8] and X-ray diffraction [48, 49[, the exact nature of the structure of water at an electrode/solution interface is still not fully understood. 

Samjeske G, Miki A, Osawa M. 2007. Electrocatalytic oxidation of formaldehyde on platinum under galvanostatic and potential sweep conditions studied by time-resolved surface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy. J Phys Chem 111 15074-15083. 

Sampling in surface-enhanced Raman and infrared spectroscopy is intimately linked to the optical enhancement induced by arrays and fractals of hot metal particles, primarily of silver and gold. The key to both techniques is preparation of the metal particles either in a suspension or as architectures on the surface of substrates. We will therefore detail the preparation and self-assembly methods used to obtain films, sols, and arrayed architectures coupled with the methods of adsorbing the species of interest on them to obtain optimal enhancement of the Raman and infrared signatures. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has been more widely used and studied because of the relative ease of the sampling process and the ready availability of lasers in the visible range of the optical spectrum. Surface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy (SEIRA) using attenuated total reflection coupled to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, on the other hand, is an attractive alternative to SERS but has yet to be widely applied in analytical chemistry. 

Used surface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy with effluent deposition on an Ag metal film (Bap2 substrate). Reported a detection limit of 10 ng. 

Jensen TR, Van Duyne RP, Johnson SA, Maroni VA (2000) Surface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy a comparison of metal island films with discrete and nondiscrete surface plasmons. Appl Spectrosc 54 371-377... 

In-situ Surface-enhanced Infrared Spectroscopy of the Electrode/Solution Interface... 

M. Osawa, In-situ surface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy at the electrode/ solution interface , in Advances in Electrochemical Science and Engineering,... 

The tremendous advances that have occurred in the spectroscopic analysis of the electrode/electrolyte interface have begun to provide a fundamental understanding of the elementary processes and the influence of process conditions. Surface-sensitive spectroscopic and microscopic analyses such as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) [1], potential-difference infrared spectroscopy (PDIRS) [2], surface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy (SEIRS) [3], sum frequency generation (SFG) [4], and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) [5,6] have enabled the direct observation of potential-dependent changes in molecular structure [2,7] chemisorption [8,9], reactivity [10], and surface reconstruction [11]. 

Abnormal Infrared Effects, (AIRE), Surface-enhanced Infrared Spectroscopy, (SEIRAS), and Intensity Stealing Effects... 

Johnson, E. and R. Aroca (1995) Surface enhanced infrared spectroscopy of mono-layers. J. Phys. Chem. 99, 9325. 

Aroca, R.F., D. Ross, and C. Domingo (2004). Surface enhanced infrared spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc. 58, 324A. 

Peng et al. combined electrochemical surface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy (EC-SEIRAS) and DFT calculations to probe the Sb adatom enhancement mechanism on polycrystalline Pt surfaces [27]. The forward cyclic voltammogram in 0.1 M formic acid and 0.5 M H2SO4 showed a 2.7 x decrease in COads at potentials below 0.2 V versus RHE for a 0.6 mraiolayer (ML) Sb, with a tenfold current increase at 0.5 V in the forward scan. They concluded at coverages >0.25 ML that the [Sb] [Pt] dipole interacticHi enhances CH-down adsorption. This is consistent with Leiva et al. s work presented above. They additionally attributed this coverage dependence to a decrease in the Pt-COads bond strength with increased Sb coverage. 

Peng B, Wang H-F, Liu Z-P, Cai W-B (2010) Combined surface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy and first-principles study on electro-oxidation of formic acid at Sb-modified Pt electrodes. J Phys Chem C 114 3102-3107... 

Z. Zhang, T. Imae, "Study of surface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy. 1. Dependence of the enhancement on thickness of metal island Aims and structure of chemisorbed molecules", J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2001,255,99-106. 

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