Surface chemistry, historical development

In taking this approach, someone new to the field of surface chemistry and catalysis can hopefully obtain a perspective on how more recent atom resolved information confirms or questions long-standing tenets. There is, therefore, a historical flavour to the book, with the first chapter dealing briefly with how did we get to where we are now . This inevitably means that the views expressed reflect personal perspectives but are very much influenced by the outstanding contributions from those who have pioneered the development of STM in surface chemistry and catalysis, of which groups at the Fritz-Haber Institut in Berlin and the universities at Aahrus, Berkeley and Stanford have been at the forefront. 

A recent book on physical chemistry,5 written by a scientist6 and aimed primarily at other scientists, contains substantial historical information on the beginnings of physical chemistry and on various topics, such as chemical spectroscopy, electrochemistry, chemical kinetics, colloid and surface chemistry, and quantum chemistry. The book also discusses more general topics, such as the development of the physical sciences and the role of scientific journals in scientific communication. The same author has written a brief account of the development of physical chemistry after 1937,7 emphasizing the application of quantum theory and the invention of new experimental methods stopped-flow techniques (1940), nuclear magnetic resonance... 

The present chapter deals with the use of infrared spectroscopy in radiation chemistry. After an historical introduction and the presentation of the basic knowledge needed in infrared spectroscopy, we describe the major milestones of its implementation within that field. Section 3 describes the use of infrared spectroscopy in astrophysics. Starting in the 1980s, such studies aim at characterizing the sample s modifications after irradiation. Section 4 describes the implementation of infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (IR-RAS) and its use in understanding the radiation-induced surface chemistry. Section 5 is focused on the chemistry induced by swift heavy ions in polymers. Section 6 presents recent developments that enable us to perform... 

Figure 1.1. Timeline of the historical development of surface chemistry.

ABSTRACT. The utility of potential eneiigy surfaces (PES) as a conceptual tool is discussed in the light of historical development that changed chemistry from an empirical science to an exact scioice. 

Following an introductory section on the historical background that has led to the development of RPC techniques as practiced today, the principles and theory of RPC will be discussed, incorporating the role of amino acid sequence and hierarchical structural effects that determine the outcome of the interaction of a peptide(s) with various types of nonpolar chromatographic surfaces. Subsequently, the influence of operating parameters such as the effects of different (1) surface morphologies or chemistries of nonpolar sorbents (2) concentrations of organic solvents, salts, or other mobile-phase additives (3) pH conditions or... 

It has been established that one monolayer of Si - H bonds is left on the surface of Si after treatment in fluoride solutions. A recent review [94] on that topic gives historical notes and detailed information about the chemistry and topography of hydrogenated Si surfaces at an atomic level. Chabal s group developed IR spectroscopy and performed theoretical calculations (by means of ab-initio cluster calculations) to such an extent that atomic-size inhomogeneities and imperfections could be identified on H/Si(lll) and (100) surfaces [95, 96]. The recent advent of STM has provided a unique complement to IR investigations. 

Spirit rovers) included mainly X-ray spectrometers and imagers. It was not until 2007 with the launch of the Phoenix Mars lander mission that the first electroan-alytical measurement system was delivered to the martian surface. Here we present the historical context of the first electroanalyses on Mars, an overall description of the electrochemically based sensors that were part of the Phoenix Wet Chemistry Laboratory (WCL), the results of the martian soil analyses and their implications, the most recent Earth-based experiments, and a preview of the next-generation electroanalytical instruments currently in development for upcoming missions to Mars and beyond. 

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