Surface, basal, roughness

Roughness factor. Except for the basal plane of HOPG, there is some degree of roughness on the carbon surface. The roughness factor o is defined as the ratio of the microscopic area to the geometric area ... 

Airway cross-sections have the nominal anatomy shown in Fig. 5.16. Airway surface liquid (AST), primarily composed of mucus gel and water, surrounds the airway lumen with a thickness thought to vary from 5 to 10 mm. AST lies on the apical surface of airway epithelial cells (mostly columnar ciliated epithelium). This layer of cells, roughly two to three cells thick in proximal airways and eventually thinning to a single cell thickness in distal airways, rests along a basement membrane on its basal surface. Connective tissue (collagen fibers, basement membranes, elastin, and water) lies between the basement membrane and airway smooth muscle. Edema occurs when the volume of water within the connective tissue increases considerably. Interspersed within the smooth muscle are respiratory supply vessels (capillaries, arteriovenous anastomoses), nerves, and lymphatic vessels. 

The reactivity of the basal planes varies substantially and is largest for the more open Fe(lll) surface, which basically can be considered as being a very rough surface. With the more stable dosed packed surfaces the reactivity drops considerably and there are many indications here (R.C. Egeberg, S. Dahl, A. Logadottir, J.H. Ear-... 

In this correlation, the material properties are evaluated at the melting temperature. The left hand side of the correlation is the dimensionless minimum melt superheat. The right hand side of the correlation is also dimensionless, and represents a combination of the Prandtl number, Euler number, Reynolds number and Nusselt number, as well as temperature and length ratios TJTG and l0/d0. The correlation is accurate within 10%. In addition, considering the effects of the surface roughness of nozzle wall, the pre-basal coefficient in the regression expression has been increased by 25% in order to predict a safe estimate of the minimum melt superheat. 

The structure of a polycrystalline electrode depends on its preparation. Usually toe rough electrodes are prepared by electrochemical deposition of a given metal onto a suitable substrate. Microcrystals present in polycrystaUine samples are randomly oriented on the surface. Most likely, not only basal but also higher MiUer-index planes should be considered in anticipating toe final structure of the electrode surface. It was shown that the stmcture of the platinized platinum surface depends strongly on toe platinization conditions, e.g., on toe concentration of the platinization... 

The kinetic roughness of the basal surface in as-grown crystals ties well with the interpretation of the shallow rate minimum at Tc3 F4, described in the preceding section. It is reasonable that some of the 3.5-nm shorter F4 stems would be incorporated into F3 crystals, especially since half of this shortfall in length, i.e. 1.75 nm, could be allocated to each crystal surface. This value is of the same order of magnitude as some of the large excursions of chains detected in as-grown crystals by IR spectroscopy. 

Unit layers of smectites, notably montmorillonite, can associate in stacked, roughly parallel alignment to form a quasicrystal [52]. This particle structure is stabilized by attractive interactions between the basal planes of unit layers, as mediated by adsorbed cations and water molecules. The prototypical example of a montmorillonite quasicrystal is that comprising stacks of four to seven unit layers, with Ca2+ adsorbed in outer-sphere complexes on the siloxane surfaces to serve as molecular cross-links binding the unit layers together through electrostatic forces. This kind of quasicrystal appears to form with any bivalent cation and for any smectite [21,54]. 

SiC). In a-SiC, whatever their chemical nature, basal planes are faces of lowest surface energy which, even at high temperatures, present a negligible atomic roughness that is reflected at the macroscopic scale by the formation of very stable facets. 

In spite of the better alignment of basal planes in the skin region, the surface of carbon fibers can show extremely fine-scale roughness. A scanning electron micrograph of AS4 carbon fibers is shown in Fig. 8.9a, while an atom-force microscope picture of the same fibers is shown in Fig. 8.9b. Note the surface striations and the roughness at a microscopic scale. 

Desmosomes and Filaments. The cohesiveness and internal structure of SC cells are dependent on the structures that are called desmosomes (25, 26, 27). These structures unite SC cells of different layers (Figure 3) and of the same layer (Figures 4 and 5). The sequence of embryonic development is a thickening of opposed cell membranes followed by intercellular disc formation and intracellular formation of the attachment plate (25, 29). This sequence is blocked if normal protein production in rough endoplasmic reticulum is altered by virus activity (28). When complete, the desmosomes of basal cells sprout filaments from their attachment plates (25, 27, 30). These filaments become longer, thicker, and more numerous as cells differentiate and migrate toward the skin surface (31, 32). Filaments arise either from the attachment plate (27) or they form loops that are anchored there (26). The smallest filaments... 

The carrier concentrations and hole mobilities in HOD films were measured in Ref. [294]. In this case, B-doped diamond layers of 1.7-pm thickness were simultaneously deposited on a polycrystalline diamond film, an undoped HOD film of roughly 30- im thickness, and a type Ila single crystal (100) using a NIRIM-type reactor. The measured carrier concentrations and the mobilities of the polycrystalline diamond film, the HOD film, and the homoepitaxial layer are shown in Figures 13.3 (a) and (b), respectively. The B concentration determined by SIMS was 4 X 10 cm [294]. Interestingly, the surface of the B-doped layer (deposited on the HOD film) was much smoother than that of the basal HOD film, presumably... 

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