Supramolecular structures structure transcription

On the other hand, the G-quadruplex with a twisted supra molecular architecture represents a nice example of a dynamic chiral supramolecular system, when guanine and guanosine molecules are used. Molecular chirality may be used as a tool to assemble molecules and macromolecules into supramolecular structures with dissymmetric shapes. The supramolecular chirality, which results from both the properties and the way in which the molecular components associate, is by constitution dynamic and therefore examples of large-scale transcription of such virtual chirality remain rare. 

DNA, with its special double helix structure, is a typical supramolecular system, and it plays the central role in the transcription, expression, and conservation of genetic information [62]. The biological function of DNA is closely related to the stability and the integrality of the double strands [63], and the mechanical stability of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) strongly depends on the ambient conditions. Recently, Cui et al. investigated the important role of water in determining or stabilizing the supramolecular structure of DNA by SMFS [31, 32]. 

FIGURE 1. Supramolecular objects consist of inorganic building blocks mainly based on soft supramolecular assemblies, (a) Hybrid lipid thin films, (b) Layer-by-layer assemblies, (c) Structure transcription, (d) Functional mesoporous hybrid. 

Supramolecular structures self-assembled from organic molecules often provide finely tuned structures. Transcription of these structures into mechanically stable inorganic substances should be a productive approach for the preparation of novel functional materials. This concept is sometimes known as structure transcription. Transcription of fibrous and tubular structures of organic gels into inorganic substances have has been extensively reported by... 

In this volume we have collected 10 review chapters from distinguished scientists who have contributed extensively to the study and development of supramolecular assemblies that contain metals and metal-like elements with unusual structures and morphologies and possess potentially useful (and applicable) physical and biological properties. The first chapter by K. Ariga et al. is a general discussion of supramolecular structures that contain inorganic building blocks for hybrid lipid thin films, layer-by-layer assemblies, structure transcription, and functional mesoporous hybrids. This is followed by two chapters, the first by M. L. Kistler et al., who describe the self-assembly of hydrophilic polyoxometalate (POM) macro-anions and examine the structure and behavior of POM macro-ions in solution. This is followed by a chapter by S. K. Das, who provides an overview of the supramolecular features of POM-supported transition metal complexes, POM-crown ether complexes with supramolecular cations, and supramolecular water clusters associated with POMs. 

A researcher in the field of heterogeneous catalysis, alongside the important studies of catalysts chemical properties (i.e., properties at a molecular level), inevitably encounters problems determining the catalyst structure at a supramolecular (textural) level. A powerful combination of physical and chemical methods (numerous variants x-ray diffraction (XRD), IR, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), XPS, EXAFS, ESR, Raman of Moessbauer spectroscopy, etc. and achievements of modem analytical chemistry) may be used to study the catalysts chemical and phase molecular structure. At the same time, characterizations of texture as a fairytale Cinderella fulfill the routine and very frequently senseless work, usually limited (obviously in our modem transcription) with electron microscopy, formal estimation of a surface area by a BET method, and eventually with porosimetry without any thorough insight. 

Many natural biomolecules, like peptides and proteins, interact and self-assemble to form delicate structures that are associated with specific functions (33). Ligaments and hair, for example, are assembled from collagen and keratin, respectively. DNA transcription is initiated by self-assembly of transcription factors, RNA polymerase, and DNA. Systematic studies and analysis of these natural existing self-assembly systems provide insight into the chemical and structural principles of peptide self-assembly, which inspires the development of molecular self-assembly as a new approach for fabrication of novel supramolecular architectures. 

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