Supersonic gas jet

Interaction of high-intensity laser pulse with supersonic gas-jets delivered by fast electromagnetic valves is the most common technique in LWF experiments worldwide. This kind of target allows a uniform, underdense plasma to be the interaction medium, with a density that can be tuned by managing... 

When the initial pressure is lower than the vapour pressure at the initial temperature only vapour flows through the nozzle and one obtains a well-known underexpanded supersonic gas jet (Figure 3f). 

Doppler broadening in gases can readily be eliminated by manipulation of experimental conditions. One way to achieve this is to do spectroscopy on supersonic gas jets, in which the translational velocity distribution can be made to resemble a delta function along the jet direction (i.e., the velocity distribution... 

A drawing of the interface is shown in Figure 4.2. The outside cone, often called the sampler or extraction cone, is positioned in the plasma such that the orifice located at its apex is immersed in the NAZ. The diameter of the orifice is approximately 1 mm. Ions produced in the plasma pass through this orifice and form an ion beam. An additional cone called a skimmer is positioned immediately behind the sampling cone a few millimeters. The skimmer cone has a much smaller orifice at its apex (<0.5 mm in diameter).This orifice samples the supersonic gas jet expanding through the sampler cone orifice, directing ions into the mass spectrometer. 

Relatively thick Al coatings can be deposited onto metal and other selected substrates using cold gas sprayed (or cold spray) coatings. Cold spray accelerates small particles, typically <50 pm diameter to high velocity (>700m s" ) using a supersonic gas jet. The impacting... 

Static mixing catalysts Operation Monolithic reactors Microreactors Heat exchange reactors Supersonic gas/liquid reactor Jet-impingement reactor Rotating packed-bed reactor... 

After those first attempts to establish analytical applications of electrospray, it took more than ten years for the first bona fide electrospray mass spectrometer to emerge [14]. Yamashita and Fenn published the first electrospray MS experiment in a 1984 paper which was appropriately part of an issue of the Journal of Physical Chemistry dedicated to John Bennett Fenn [15]. They electrosprayed solvents into a bath gas to form a dispersion of ions that was expanded into vacuum in a small supersonic free jet. A portion of the jet was then passed through a skimmer into a vacuum chamber containing a quadrupole mass filter. With this setup, a variety of protonated solvent clusters as well as solvent-ion clusters (Na+, Li+) could be de-... 

In order to produce supported samples for STM or FEM study, clusters formed on the centerline of the condensation reactor are extracted through a 1 mm diameter capillary into a vacuum chamber typically kept at 10-5 Torr. The resulting supersonic free jet flow is collimated to form a molecular beam of metal clusters, uncondensed metal atoms and inert gas atoms. 

General discussion of intra- and intermolecular interactions 3 van der Waals interactions 3 Coulombic interactions 5 Medium effects on conformational equilibria 5 Quantum mechanical interpretations of intramolecular interactions 7 Methods of study 8 Introduction 8 Nmr and esr spectroscopy 8 Microwave spectroscopy (MW) 12 Gas-phase electron diffraction (ED) 12 X-ray crystallographic methods 13 Circular-dichroism spectroscopy and optical rotation 14 Infrared and Raman spectroscopy 18 Supersonic molecular jet technique 20 Ultrasonic relaxation 22 Dipole moments and Kerr constants 22 Molecular mechanic calculations 23 Quantum mechanical calculations 25 Conformations with respect to rotation about sp —sp bonds 27 Carbon-carbon and carbon-silicon bonds 28 Carbon-nitrogen and carbon-phosphorus bonds 42 Carbon-oxygen and carbon-sulphur bonds 48 Conformations with respect to rotation about sp —sp bonds Alkenes and carbonyl derivatives 53 Aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds 60 Amides, thioamides and analogues 75 Conclusions 83 References 84... 

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