Superior vena cava syndrome treatment

Gilard M, Perennes A, Mansourati J et al (2002) Stent implantation for the treatment of superior vena cava syndrome related to pacemaker leads. Europace 4(2) 155-158... 

Chan AW, Bhatt DL, Wilkoff BL et al (2002) Percutaneous treatment for pacemaker-associated superior vena cava syndrome. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 25 1628-1633... 

Fig.5.2. Same patient as in Fig. 5.1. At the time of endolumi-nal treatment of superior vena cava syndrome, fresh thrombus had formed in the right subclavian and right brachiocephalic vein. Local fibrinolytic infusion was started before stenting to avoid pulmonary embolism after restoration of flow...

Recto MR, Bousamra M, Yeh T Jr (2002) Late superior vena cava perforation and aortic laceration after stenting to treat superior vena cava syndrome secondary to fibrosing mediastinitis. J Invasive Cardiol 14 624-629 Rosch J, Bedell JE, Putnam J et al. (1987) Gianturco expandable wire stents in the treatment of superior vena cava syndrome recurring after maximum tolerance radiation. Cancer 60 1243 1246... 

Rosch J, Uchida BD, Hall LD et al. (1992) Gianturco-Rdsch expandable Z stents in the treatment of superior vena cava syndrome. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 15 319-327 Saced M, Newman GE, McCavin RL et al. (1987) Stenoses in dialysis fistulas treatment with percutaneous angioplasty. Radiology 164 693-697... 

Sherry CS, Diamond NG, Meyers TB, Martin RL (1986) Successful treatment of superior vena cava syndrome by venous angioplasty. Am J Roentgenol 147 834 835 Smayra T,Otal P,Chabbert V et al. (2001) Long-term results of endovascular stent placement in the superior caval venous system. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 24 388 394 Smith SL, Manhire AR, Clark DM (2001) Delayed spontaneous superior vena cava perforation associated with a SVC wallstent. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 24 286 287 Sonin AH, Mazer MJ, Powers TA (1992) Obstruction of the inferior vena cava a multiple-modality demonstration of causes, manifestations and collateral pathways. Radiographics 12 309-322... 

Tacke J, Antonucci F, Stuckmann G et al (1994) The palliative treatment of venous stenoses in tumor patients with selfexpanding vascular prostheses. ROFO 100 433-440 Tanigawa N, Sawada S, Mishima K et al. (1998) Clinical outcome of stenting in superior vena cava syndrome associated with malignant tumors. Comparison with conventional treatment. Acta Radiol 39 669-674 Trerotola SO (1994) Interventional Radiology in central venous stenosis and occlusion. Semin Interv Radiol 11 291-304... 

The primary goal of treatment of superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome is to relieve obstruction of the superior vena cava by treating the underlying malignancy. 

Fig. 5.12a, b. A 71-year-old male patient with bronchogenic carcinoma invading the mediastinum and brain metastasis. Superior vena cava obstruction syndrome was treated by placement of a Wallstent endoprosthesis in the superior vena cava. At 3 weeks after endoluminal treatment, obstruction symptoms recurred, a Phlebography obtained by a femoral approach and catheterization of the stent lumen showed stent obstruction, and extensive filling of mediastinal veins, b After balloon dilatation at the junction of the stent with the internal jugular vein, a residual stenosis (arrow), due to insufficient stent covering of mediastinal tumor extent was evident... 

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