Supercritical fluid extraction of muscle

Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Muscle Food Lipids for Improved Quality... 

J.Y. Shen, M.R. Kim, C.J. Lee, I.S. Kim, K.B. Lee and J.H. Shim, Supercritical fluid extraction of the fluoroquinolones norfloxacin and ofloxacin from orally heated chicken breast muscles. Anal. Chim. Acta 513 (2004) 451-455. 

Before the extraction procedure may commence, the sample must be prepared in such a way that it is in a condition for extraction of the analyte(s). For analyzing sulfonamide residues in liquid samples such as milk, a pretreatment dilution step with water prior to direct fluorometric detection may be required (207). Dilution of milk with aqueous buffer (208) or sodium chloride solution (209) prior to sample cleanup has also been reported. For the analysis of honey a simple dissolution of the sample in water (210, 211) or aqueous buffer (212) is generally required. Semisolid samples such as muscle, kidney, and liver, require, however, more intensive sample pretreatment. The analyte(s) must be exposed to extracting solvents to ensure maximum extraction. The most popular approach for tissue break-up is through use of a mincing and/or homogenizing apparatus. Lyophilization (freeze-drying) of swine kidney has been carried out prior to supercritical-fluid extraction of trimethoprim residues (213). 

Several methods have been employed (20) in the extraction of flavor volatiles from their chemical and physical bonds in the complex muscle matrix. These methods include steam distillation, solvent extraction, headspace analysis and supercritical fluid extraction. Each method had specific advantages and shortcomings when used in the isolation of numerous compound types such as carbonyls, sulfur-containing compounds such as thiols and thiazoles, pyrazines, furans, and pyrroles (27, 22). The mechanisms responsible for the formation of these flavor volatiles have been proposed and developed based on such experimentation (25, 24). 

Huopalahti, R.P. Henion, J.D. Application of supercritical fluid extraction and high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for the determination of some anabolic agents directly from bovine tissue samples, J.Liq.Chromatogr.Rel.TechnoL, 1996,19, 69-87. [UV detection LC-MS cow muscle Uver LOD 100 ppb SPE dexamethasone trenbolone triamcinolone acetonide zeranol diethylstilbe-strol medroxyprogesterone melengestrol acetate]... 

Hardardottir, I. and Kinsella, J.E. (1988) Extraction of lipid and cholesterol from fish muscle with supercritical fluids, y. Food Sei. 53, 1656-1661. 

Chapters 19 through 21 are devoted to natural materials. Extraction, fractionation and reactions are reviewed by King. A case study on lipid extraction from plant and muscle tissues is presented by Temelli. Chapter 21 by Hortacsu presents a look at the modeling of extraction from natural materials. And finally, the last chapter. Chapter 22, by Brunner provides an engineering perspective to the industrial issues, design procedures and scale-up for separation processes with supercritical fluids, and the challenges that lie ahead for industrial implementations. 

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