Superconducting quantum interference devices properties

The modern approach to measuring magnetic properties is to use a superconducting quantum interference device (a SQUID), which is highly sensitive to small magnetic fields and can make very precise measurements on small samples. 

Various adaptations that rely on force methods have been commercialised (the so-called Evans-Johnson-Matthey balance) or designed from readily available parts and described in the literature. The Evans method uses NMR and can provide variable temperature data on molecules in solution, but the technique is limited to a window where solvents stay liquid and solutes stay in solution. The one development that has been crucial to the more recent rapid development of this research field is the availability of relatively inexpensive and easy-to-use, variable temperature, variable field instrumentation, specifically the Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) magnetometer. With a SQUID, it is possible, even for relatively inexperienced users, to determine the magnetic properties of a sample (typically 10-20 mg) as a function of temperature and applied field (down to 1.8 K and... 

The next step in the development of high thin-film devices after the optimization of single layer films is the introduction of defects in precisely defined positions in order locally to alter the properties of the superconductor. The use of grain boundaries as Josephson junctions in SQUlDs (Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices) is an example of how defects can be utilized. 

A battery of complementary techniques is often necessary (and always desirable) to provide reliable, applications-oriented characterization of the bulk properties of (catalytic) carbon materials. Arguably the most useful ones are transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermoelectric power (TEP) measurements, electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy coupled with a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID), and Raman spectroscopy. For example, among the recently reported virtues of Raman spectroscopy is the identification of graphite whiskers [152,153] in three carbonaceous chondrite meteorites (M. Fries and A. Steele, Science Online, Feb. 28, 2008), which contain some of the oldest matter in the solar system and has thus generated tremendous interest among astrophysicists. 

The magnetic properties of the different MLPs were studied by using a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). Hysteresis loop of the samples were registered at temperature of 2... 

Gir2] Superconducting quantum interference device, vibrating sample magnetometer Magnetic properties... 

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