Super-additive value

Calculating other chemical correlators along with 6>°° = Xa and 0°v (Eq. 46), one should additionally know quantities at nonzero values of both super-... 

According to the counter ion condensation theory (Oosawa, 1971 Manning, 1978, 1980, 1985 Dautzenberg et al., 1994) 76% of the DNA phosphate charge is neutralized by territorially bound Na+ ions, in typical aqueous NaCl solutions (less than 1 M). Thus, it was expected that additional neutralization up to 90% is the necessary condition to cause DNA condensation , and that, with divalent cations, the maximum value is about 88%, being insufficient for condensation . As an exception to this theory, Mn2+ induced condensation of super-coiled plasmid DNA was discussed as the facilitating effect in the supercoiled state (Ma and Bloomfield, 1994). Condensation of DNA on a sohd surface inthe presence of divalent cations was also reported (Koltover et al., 2000). 

Because solutes have higher diffusion coefficients in super(sub)critical fluids than in liquids, the optimum linear velocity is shifted to higher values. Consequently, higher flow rates can be used leading to reduced analysis (separation) time without compromising efficiency. In addition, although the chiral discrimination ability of CSPs and enan-tioselectivity in SFC resemble usually those of non-aqueous LC, in some cases enantioseparations can be obtained in SFC which cannot be achieved in conventional LC. 

Crystals are always of good quality and the size exceeds generally the values observed in alkaline-type synthesis. Addition of seeds decreases the crystallization time and allows tailoring of the size. The morphology is the same as for crystals obtained by the usual alkaline route. The length/width ratio decreases with x in the template and the substitution degree of Si (16). The substitution by trivalent elements leads generally to crystals with less flat faces which indicates that crystallization occured in a more super-saturated medium. 

Recognizing the importance of removing as much liquid as possible in the thickener, John Chandler pioneered a process in which the height of the red mud in the thickener was increased from the usual value of 1.0 to 10-15 m. The additional stress produced by the super-thick bed led to a much higher underflow concentrations. In some cases, the filter was actually eliminated. 

The water used throughout all experiments was deionized and purified with a Millipore Super Q system. It had a pH value of about 6 and conductivity which varied between 0.05 and 0.1 /iS cm The increase in ionic strength was effected with the salts used to buffer the system (O.IM NaBr aqueous solutions). Values of pH were determined with Tacussel electrode (France). The accuracy of the measurement was to 0.05 pH unit. When needed, the pH was adjusted by the controlled addition of O.IN HCl or O.IN NaOH solutions depending on the pH desired. All inorganic chemicals were of Analyzed Reagent grade. 

An injection of l,25-(OH) D- causes a rapid rise in calcium transport to a peak value at 6 hours, followed by a decline to a low value at 12 hours, and a rise to a second maximum at 24 hours, which is sustained for several days. A second injection of l,25-(OH)2D2 after the 24-hour period results in a super-induction of the initial response in addition to the second response. These findings suggest that there are at least two mechanisms of intestinal calcium transport responsive to 1,25-(0H)2D2. The first response undoubtedly represents the transport activity of existing villus cells, whereas the second response likely results from an effect of 1,25-(OH)2D, on the crypt cells that then differentiate and migrate up the villus region to promote intestinal calcium transport. A similar blphasic response has been observed for... 

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