Sumac

Farber, m. dyer, -baum, m. Venetian sumac Cotinua coggygria). -blume, /. woodwaxen. 

Gerber, m. tanner, tawer, currier, -baum, m. tanner s sumac. 

Gerber-fett, n. (Leather) d gras, stuff, -hof, m. tan yard, -kalk, m. slaked lime gas lime, -lobe, /. tanbark tan liquor, -strauch, m. tanner s sumac (Rhus coriaria) ink plant (Coriaria). -wolle, /. skin wool, pelt wool. 

Rujaholz, n. Venetian sumac wood, young fustic. 

Sumachgerbung,/. sr.iiiac tanning, sumachieren, v.t. (Leather) sumac. Sumbulwurzel,/. su/iibul root, musk root. Summa, / sum. 

In this article, we shall concentrate only on very sinple surface reactions, namely, the adsorption of H and D and the H-ZD. exchange reaction on the differently structiUEd nKIIOJ and (lll) suMaces. 

Plant resins, poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac Metals (nickel or gold in jewelry)... 

Allergenic plants causing skin eruption by contact include poison ivy (Rhus radicans L.), poison oak (Rhus toxicodendron L.), poison sumac (Rhus vernix L.), and stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.). In the United States, poison ivy and poison oak cause nearly 2 million cases of skin poisoning and skin irritation annually, for a loss of 333,000 working days. In addition, these weeds cause 3.7 million days of restricted activity among those people who are susceptible to the toxins (1). 

Mastic. Mastic is the resin obtained from the small mastic tree Pistacia lentis-cus, of the sumac family, found chiefly in Mediterranean countries. When the bark of the tree is injured, the resin exudes as drops. Mastic is transparent and pale yellow to green in color. The main ancient uses of mastic were as an adhesive, for making varnish, as a medicine, and for flavoring. 

Many dyes that have no chemical affinity to fibrous substrates can be attached to such substrates by intermediary (go-between) substances known as mordants. These are either inorganic or organic substances that react chemically with the fibers as well as with the dyes and thus link the dyes to the fibers. Mordants are traditionally classified into two main classes, acid and metallic mordants. The acid mordants are organic substances that contain tannins (see Textbox 64) as for example, gall nuts and sumac. The metallic mordants are inorganic substances, mostly mineral oxides and salts that include metal atoms in their composition. Table 94 lists mordants of both these types, which have been used since antiquity. 

Sumac Rhus genus Gallic acid, ellagic acid, quercitrin, kaempferol... 

Japan wax Protective coating of kernels from small shrubs (sumac plants, Rhus genus) growing in China or Japan Triacylglycerols, palmitin as major compound... 

The most frequent causes of allergic contact dermatitis in the United States include plants (poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac), metallic salts, organic dyes, plastic resins, rubber additives, and germicides.74 The most common skin patch test allergens found to be positive in patients along with potential sources of exposure are shown in Table 32.1.75 In patients with occupational contact dermatitis who were skin patch tested, the common allergens included carba mix, thiuram mix, formaldehyde, epoxy resin, and nickel.76... 

Sorption of Zn(II) and Pb(II) Ions by a New Resin Synthesized from Sumac Tannin and Gelatin... 

Keywords Biomaterials, gelatin, lead, resin, sorption, sumac, taimin, zinc... 

Taking into account all the above, we have considered it of great interest to assess the ability of locally available sumac leaves and for the removal of Pb(ll) and Zn(II) from aqueous solution and optimization of conditions for theirs adsorption. Firstly, a new resin was synthesized from sumac leaves and animal gelatin. 

Sumac tannins is illustrated in Fig. 26.1 whose basic structure is of flavon-3-ols [20]. 

Adsorption of Cu (II) from Aqueous Solutions by Sumac Rhus coriaria L.) Tannins... 

Abstract In this study, a new natural adsorbent (sumae leaves) for removing Cu (II) ion from the aqueous solutions has been investigated. Leaves of sumae were obtained from Siirt, Tmkey. The tannins were extraeted with acetone water (70 30, v/v) mixture from the leaves of sumac. For the total tannin determination Folin-Ciocalteu method was used and tannin content was found 27%. In batch experiments, pH profile, adsorption time, adsorbent/hquid ratio, initial concentration of metal ions, adsorbent amoimt, particle size of adsorbent and temperature were performed to determine binding properties of adsorbent for the Cu(II) ions. The concentrations of the metal ions in solutions before and after adsorption were measured with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. 

Keywords Cu(II) adsorption, Rhus coriaria L., sumac leaves, tannins... 

In this work, sumac leaves will use to remove Cu + ions in aqueous solutions. Firstly the tarmins will extract from leaves and determine tannin contents. Then, binding properties of leaves for the Cu " ions will be investigated. 

Leaves of Sumac were collected from Siirt in Turkey. They were dried at room temperature and darkness. Leaves were groimd with hand and screened through a set of sieves to get different geometrical size such as 300, 425, 600, 710, 850 pm. Samples were stored in an air-tight plastic container and in dark conditions imtil extraction time. 

Determination of TA in Sumac Sample Solutions by Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) Method... 

A calibration graph 3-15 ppm TA concentration range was constructed and the content of tannins in sumac leaves was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. 

Batch adsorption tests were done at five different particle sizes 300, 425, 600, 710 and 850 pm. 0.1 g of the sumac leaves was weighed and 8 ttiL of ion solution was added. The volume was completed 50 ttiL. After stirring 2 h, the reaction mixtures were filtered through a filter paper to remove particulates and the filtrate was analyzed with an AAS. 

The time-dependent behavior of ions adsorption was measured by varying the equilibrium time between the adsorbent (ground sumac leaves) and adsorbent (Cu " ions) in the range of 30 min and 24 h. The concentration of was kept 40 pg ttiL , particle size 710 pm, and amount of adsorbent 0.1 g. 

The dependence of Cn + ion sorption on sumac leaves amount was studied by varying the sorbent amount from 0.1 to 1.0 g while keeping constant Cu + ion concentration 20 pg mL stirring time 90 min for 710 pm particle size. 

The adsorption of Cu + ion sumac leaves as a function of its concentration was studied by varying the metal ion concentration from 10 to 100 pg mL , while keep all other parameters constant. 

In the adsorption of some metal ion by tannin adsorbents [16], tannins are widely distributed in nature and have multiple adjacent phenolic hydroxyl groups and exhibit specific chelation ability toward metal ions [17]. According to the chemical stractures of tannins, they can usually be classified into hydrolyzable tannins, condensed tannins and complex tannins. Hydrolyzed tannins yield galhc acid or ellagic acid when hydrolyzed by acid, base or some enzymes [18]. Turkish sumac tannin (hydrolyzable tannin) is illustrated in Fig. 28.1 whose basic stracture is of flavan-3-ols. 

Leaves of Sumac were used for removal of ions in aqueous solution. Tannins were extracted from the leaves of sumac by extracting with 70% (v/v) acetone-water solution. For the total tarmin determination Folin-Ciocalteu method was used and tannin content was found 27%. Various adsorption parameters for the effective removal of Cu + ions by using sumac leaves as an adsorbent from aqueous solutions were studied and optimized. 

Time-depended behavior of Cu + ion adsorption was measured by varying the equilibrium time between in the range of 0.5-72 h. The percentage adsorption of Cu + ions plotted in Fig. 28.2 as a function of contact time. The percentage adsorption of Cu + indicates that the equilibrium between the Cu + ions and sumac leaves was attained 4 h. Therefore, 4 h stirring time was found to be appropriate for maximum adsorption and was used in all subsequent measurement. The effect of temperature and pH the adsorption equilibrium of Cu + on sumac leaves was investigated by varying the solution temperature from 283 to 303 and pH from 6 to 10. The results are presented in Fig. 28.3. The results indicated that the best adsorption results were obtained at pH 8 at 293 K. 

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