Sulphur mustard poisoning

Afshari, R., Balali-Mood, M. (2006). Iranian experience on management of late complications of sulphur mustard poisoning. The 6th International Chemical and Biological Medical Treatment Symposium, April 30-May 5, 2006, Spiez, Switzerland. Technical Program, p. 44. 

Balali-Mood, M., Hefazi, M. (2005). The pharmacology, toxicology, and medical treatment of sulphur mustard poisoning. Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol. 19 297-315. 

Balali-Mood, M., Navaeian, A. (1986). Clinical and paraclinical findings in 233 patients with sulphur mustard poisoning. In Proceedings of the Second World Congress on New Compounds in Biological and Chemical Warfare, Vol. 1 (B. Heyndrickx, ed.), pp. 464-73. Rijksuniversiteit, Ghent, Belgium. 

Kehe, K., Szinicz, L. (2005). Medical aspects of sulphur mustard poisoning. Toxicology 214 198-209. 

Black, R.M., Clarke, R.J., Harrison, J.M., Read, R.W. (1997). Biological fate of sulphur mustard identification of valine and histidine adducts in haemoglobin from casualties of sulphur mustard poisoning. Xenobiotica 27(5) 499-512. 

Balali-Mood, M., Hefazi, M., Mahmoudi, M., Jalali, E., Attaran, D., Maleki, M., Razavi, M. E., Zare, G., Tahatahaee, A, Jafari, M.R. (2005). Long-term complications of sulphur mustard poisoning in severely intoxicated Iranian veterans. Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol. 19 713-21. 

Mazumder, P.K., Sugendran, K., Vijayaraghavan, R. (1998). Protective efficacy of calcium channel blockers in sulphur mustard poisoning. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 11 363-9. 

A limited number of biomedical samples became available from CW casualties of sulphur mustard poisoning during the Iraq-Iran conflict, and from attacks on Kurdish communities in Iraq. Additional samples have since been obtained from accidental exposures in the laboratory and from old munitions. 

In most circumstances, absorbed sulphur mustard should be fully metabolized. It is, however, highly lipophilic and can partition into fatty tissues. High concentrations of sulphur mustard were reported in various organs and tissues, particularly abdominal fat, removed post mortem from a deceased casualty of severe sulphur mustard poisoning (Drasch et al, 1987). Hair may also be a source of unchanged sulphur mustard. A United Nations (1986) investigation reported the detection of sulphur mustard in hair removed from a CW casualty. 

Though the symptoms and signs listed above are the classical signs of sulphur mustard poisoning, clinicians should be aware of a group of symptoms and signs reported during World... 

Namazi, S., Niknahad, H., Razmkhah, H., 2009. Long-term complications of sulphur mustard poisoning in intoxicated Iranian veterans. J. Med. Toxicol. 5 (4), 191-195. 

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