Sulphonated polymers

Rusconi, S., et al. 1996. Naphthalene sulphonate polymers with CD-4 blocking an anti-immunodeficiency virus type 1 activities. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40 234. 

The polyacrylate polymers and a derivative of a vinyl acetate maleic anhydride copolymer cause V30 to decrease monotonically with increasing polymer concentration, similar to the CMC polymers (Figure 46). The polymers PVA and poly(vinyl pyridinium) (PVP) hydrochloride markedly increased V30 at low concentration at concentrations above 1 g of polymer per gram of added bentonite PVA functions as a static fluid loss additive. The maximum in the API fluid loss at low PVA concentrations approximately coincides with the maximum in the yield stress and plastic viscosity found by Heath and Tadros (75). The increased static fluid loss is consistent with Heath and Tadros s conclusion that bentonite is flocculated by low concentrations of PVA. The concentration of PVA required to decrease V30 below that of the neat bentonite suspension is significantly larger than the concentration of CMC, where effective static fluid loss control can be achieved at polymer bentonite weight ratios of about 0.1 g/g. More effective fluid loss control has been achieved with other synthetic polymers such as poly(vinyl sulphonate)-poly(vinyl amide) copolymer (40) and other sulphonated polymers (39). 

Plank and Gossen (144) have reported on the temperature dependence of API static filtrate volumes of simple drilling fluids using various polymeric additives. Figure 50 shows the dependence of filtrate volume on temperatures for a base bentonite fluid and with added starch, polyanionic cellulose, and a synthetic sulphonated polymer (39). Starch is an effective fluid loss additive up to about 100 °C whereas the polyanionic cellulose begins to lose its effectiveness at about 140 °C these... 

Figure 52. SEM micrographs of filter cake formed under static conditions from simple bentonite drilling fluids containing the fluid loss additives (a) starch and (b) synthetic sulphonated polymer. (Reproduced with permission from reference 144. Copyright 1991 Society of Petroleum Engineers.)...

A. B. Newton and J. B. Rose. Relative reactivities of the functional groups involved in synthesis of poly(phenylene ether sulphones) from halogenated derivatives of diphenyl sulphone. Polymer, 13(10) 465 74, October 1972. 

Bae JM, Honma I, Murata M et al (2002) Properties of selected sulphonated polymers as proton-conducting electrolytes for polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Solid State Ionics 147 189-194... 

Figure U C NMR spectra of the backbone methylene carbons of (a) a tactic poiy(but-l-ene sulphide), (b) of the tactic poly(but-l-ene sulphone) made from it by oxidation, and (c) of an atactic polysulphone. The dispersion of shifts of the sulphone polymer is greater because of the gamma- rauc/ie effect of the oxygens. The small peak at 5 = 49.2 ppm is from H — H sequence.

H. A. Naik, 1. W. Parsons, P. T. McGrail, P. D. MacKenzie, Chemical modification of pol-yarylene ether/sulphone polymers preparation and properties of materials aminated on the main chain. Polymer 32(1), 140-145 (1991)... 

The heat may be used to induce a chemical reaction, which then produces a deformation [4]. Gas release from azide-containing polymers or from nitrocellulose materials can induce a pit or bubble formation. Acrylic or sulphone polymers may unzip to form pits or bubbles. However, there is a danger in providing too much thermal instability to increase the sensitivity, since this will reduce the archival lifetime of the disc. For this reason, chemically induced deformations are not generally favoured. 

Wang, J. L., Lee, M. H., Yang, J., Synthesis and characterization of sulphonated polymer derived from 6FDA-ODA polyimide, Polym. Bull, 2005, 55, 357-365. 

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