Sulfuric acid photograph

Although silver iodide is the least photosensitive of the three halides, it has the broadest wavelength sensitivity in the visible spectmm. This feature makes silver iodide particularly useful in the photographic industry. It resists reduction by metals, but is reduced quantitatively by zinc and iron in the presence of sulfuric acid. 

Fig. 13.12 Photographs of sonoluminescence from sulfuric acid solution of Na2SC>4, illustrating the spatial separation of sodium (orange) and continuum (blue-white) emissions using a horn-type transducer at 20 kHz (a) [38] (Reprinted from American Chemical Society. With permission) and using standing-wave fields at 28 kHz in a cylindrical beaker (b) [39]...

Some of its compounds, particularly the oxides, are used in chemical industries as catalysts to speed up organic chemical reactions. The yellow-brown vanadium pentoxide (V O ) is used as a catalyst to facilitate the production of sulfuric acid by the contact process. Vanadium pent-oxide is also used as a photographic developer, to dye textiles, and in the production of artificial rubber. When combined with glass, it acts as a filter against ultraviolet rays from sunlight. 

Cellulose acetate, which is used in textiles and photographic film, is produced by reacting cellulose with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid. Other esters of acetic acid, such as ethyl acetate and propyl acetate, are used in a variety of applications. 

In the petroleum industry, the sulfuric acid and hydrogen fluoride employed as alkylation catalysts must be substantially anhydrous to be effective, and steel equipment is satisfactory. Where conditions are not anhydrous, lead-lined, monel-lined, or enamel-lined equipment is satisfactory. In a few cases, copper or tinned copper is still used, for example, in the manufacture of pharmaceutical and photographic products to lessen contamination with metals. 

O Examine the photographs below. When concentrated sulfuric acid is added to sucrose, C12H22O11, a column of pure carbon is formed, as well as some water vapour and other gases. How would you find the mass percent of carbon in sucrose using this reaction You may assume that all the carbon in the sucrose is converted to carbon. Design an experiment to determine the mass percent of carbon in sucrose, based on this reaction. Do not try to perform this experiment. What difficulties might you encounter ... 

The basic steps in the contact process are (1) production of sulfur dioxide (2) cooling and, for smelters, cleaning of the process gas (3) conversion of the sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide (4) cooling of the sulfur trioxide gas and (5) absorption of the sulfur trioxide in sulfuric acid.28 Figure 25.8 is a photograph of a contact process plant. A simplified diagram of a double absorption contact sulfuric acid process is shown in Fig. 25.9. Because sulfur dioxide is produced by several processes, it is convenient to separate the discussion of sulfur dioxide production from its conversion to sulfuric acid. 

Dihydroxybenzene is prepared industrially by the alkali fusion of benzene-1,3-disulfonic acid. 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene is prepared in large quantities for use as a photographic developer, one process being by the oxidation of aniline with manganese dioxide [manganese(IV) oxide] in sulfuric acid to give benzo-l,4-quinone, which is then reduced to 1,4-dihydroxybenzene (hydroquinone, quinol). 

Over the years, a number of steel vessels, including those that have been lined with CRM, have failed by brittle fracture. A photograph of a failure of a brick lined tower, 60 ft. high that cracked the full length of the shell is shown in an article "Brick-Lined Tanks" by R. Ladd in the March 14 issue of Chemical Engineering p 192-198. The author knows of a similar experience where a lined "dry tower" in a sulfuric acid plant failed in a similar manner on a cold day in February. A "dry tower" drys combustion air by passing it countercurrent to a downward flow of sulfuric acid. 

Aniline is converted into hydroquinone, a photographic developer in black and white photography used with metol (p-methylaminophenol). Production of hydroquinone commences with oxidation of aniline by manganese dioxide in aqueous sulfuric acid at 0-5 °C,... 

Cellulose acetate is a major commodity chemical. It is made by acid-catalysed acetylation of cellulose with acetic anhydride, often after the cellulose has been acid-swollen and sometimes partly hydrolysed to reduce the DP [the acid catalyst is often the (cheap) sulfuric acid]. Material with DS 2.2-2.3 is used for lacquers and plastics the acetone-soluble material of slightly higher DS (2.3-2.4) is spun into acetate rayon and cellulose acetate of DS 2.5-2.6 is used for photographic film. In this application it has replaced nitrocellulose by... 

Dipotassium sulfite EINECS 233-321-1 HSDB 5052 Potassium sulfite Potassium sulfite (K2SO3) Potassium sulphite Stahl s sulfur salt Sulfurous acid, dipotassium salt Sulfurous acid, potassium salt. Used as a photographic developer, medicine, in food and wine as a preservative. Laxative-cathartic. Solubie in H2O (28.5 g/100 ml), slightly soluble in EtOH. 

---