Sulfur dioxide exposure

Spiegelman, J. R., G. D. Hanson, A. Lazarus, R. J. Bennett, M. Lippmann, and R. A. Albert. Effect of acute sulfur dioxide exposure on bronchial clearance in the donkey. Arch. Environ. Health 17 321-326, 1968. 

Ting, D. T., R. A. Reinert, C. Wickliff, and W. W. Heck. Chronic ozone or sulfur dioxide exposures or both, affect the early vegetative growth of soybeans. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53 875-879, 1973. 

Studies of individuals with mild asthma have demonstrated much greater sensitivity to low levels of sulfur dioxide exposure, particularly during exercise. Exposures to concentrations of 0.5-0.Ippm during exercise resulted in signiflcant increases in airway resistance in these subjects. At rest, exposures to Ippm resulted in significant increases in airway resistance in mild asthmatics. ... 

Federspiel C, Layne JT, Auer C, et al Lung function among employees of a copper mine smelter Lack of effect of chronic sulfur dioxide exposure. J Occup Med 22 438 144, 1980... 

The toxic effect of particular concern associated with sulfur dioxide exposure is irritation of the upper respiratory tract, and it is considered to be of a localized nature. There is no evidence of systemic toxicity or organ system effects hence, irritation appears the sole effect of concern. 

It is recognized that respiratory irritation caused by sulfur dioxide exposure becomes objectionable immediately when the gas is encountered at relatively low concentrations relatively rapid acclimation, however, occurs with continued exposure, and gradual increases result in tolerance of concentrations that would be intolerable if encountered directly (Andersen et al. 1974). 

Considerable weight has been given to occupational exposure information, which used longer term, substantively higher sulfur dioxide exposures than were used in many of the controlled human exposure studies. The occupational data are considered particularly valuable in providing practical information about the relationships of concentration and time course, tolerance, and acclimation to irritant effects caused by sulfur dioxide exposures in a healthy human population—as would be more closely representative of the population found in a submarine. 

Archer, V.E., C.D.Fullmer, and C.H.Castle. 1979. Sulfur dioxide exposure in a smelter III. Acute effects and sputum cytology. J. Occup. Med. 21(5) 359-364. 

Goldring, I.P., L.Greenburg, S.S.Park, and I.M.Ratner. 1970. Pulmonary effects of sulfur dioxide exposure in the Syrian hamster. II. Combined with emphysema. Arch. Environ. Health 21... 

Gong, H., P.A.Lachenbruch, P.Harber, and W.S.Linn. 1995. Comparative short-term health responses to sulfur dioxide exposure and other common stresses in a panel of asthmatics. Toxicol. Ind. Health 11 (5) 467-487. 

Sandstrom, T., N.Stjemberg, M.C.Andersson, B.Kolmodin-Hedman, K.Lindstrom, and L.Rosenhall. 1989c. Cell response in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after sulfur dioxide exposure. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 15(2) 142-146. 

Portland cement (a mixture of mostly Iricalcium silicate and dical-clum silicate with some alumina, calcium aluminale, and iron oxide) Irritant of the eyes, nose, and skin corrosive burns may occur. Long-term heavy exposure has been associated with dermatitis and bronchitis. lOmg/m (< 1% quartz) 5000 mg/m Gray powder. Odorless. Portland cement manufacture is typically associated with sulfur dioxide exposure. 

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