Sulfonated naphthalene Superplasticizers

Mix 2 Cement content 286.6 kg m-3 Type III cement, recommended dosage of sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde superplasticizer. 

Ruckstuhl, S. (2001) Environmental Exposure Assessment of Sulfonated Naphthalene Formaldehyde Condensates and Sulfonated Naphthalenes Applied as Concrete Superplasticizers, Doctor of Natural Sciences Dissertation to Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland. 

While these attempts to optimize the strength and durability of cement were more or less unsystematic and empirical, the exact details of the chemistry of cement were first elucidated by Le ChateHer (1904). Later developments included the invention of reinforced concrete by Wilkinson and Lambot in 1855, and of blast furnace cement by Emil Langen in 1862. Thereafter, the twentieth century witnessed the invention and optimization of sulfate-resistant alumina cements (1908), the addition of plasticizers such as Hgnosulfonic acid or hydroxylated polysaccharides and superplasticizers such as sulfonated naphthalene-formaldehyde condensate, and the advent of macro-defect-free (MDF) and polymer fiber-reinforced cements, to name only a few. 

Chemical admixtures They are generally water-soluble, added mainly to control setting and early hardening of fiesh concrete, and to reduce water requirements. Chemical admixtures include accelerators, normal water reducers, superplasticizers, and retarders. The accelerators may contain calcium chloride, alkali hydroxide, calcium formate, calcium nitrate, etc. Examples of retarders are Na, Ca, or NH4 salts of lignosulfonic acids, hydroxy carboxylicacids,orderivativesofcarbohydrates.Normal water reducers may contain salts of refined lignosulfonic acids, hydroxycarboxylic acids, hydroxylated polymers, etc. Superplasticizers may contain sulfonated melamine formaldehyde, sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde, car-boxylated synthetic polymers, etc. 

Naphthalenesulfonic Acid—Formaldehyde Condensates. The sodium salts of the condensation products of naphthalenesulfonic acid with formaldehyde constitute an important class of compounds which are mainly used in the area of concrete additives (32,33), agricultural formulations, mbber formulations, and synthetic tanning agents. They are also used in photographic materials (34). Hampshire Chemical Co. and Henkel of America, Inc., are the largest suppHers of naphthalene sulfonate in concrete additives (superplasticizer) and reportedly hold 75—80% of this market. It was estimated that naphthalene sulfonate demand from U.S. producers would reach approximately... 

Fig. 7.25 Effect of superplasticizer type (MFS and NFS melamine and naphthalene sulfonates) on flowing behavior.

In more recent times, naphthalene has been used in condensation products from naphthalene sulfonic acids, utilizing formaldehyde as additives to improve the flow properties of concrete these are referred to as superplasticizers. Another newer application is the production of diisopropylnaphthalenes. The mutual depression of the melting points in the mixture gives a liquid which is used as a solvent for dyes in the production of carbonless copy paper. 

Dehscofix. [Albright Wilson Am. Albright Wilson UK] Naphthalene sulfonic acid salts or condensates dispersant for agric. formulations superplasticizer for concrete. 

The fluidity of fly ash-cement paste containing naphthalene sulfonate superplasticizer. Cem. Carter. Res., 34 (6), 1017-1024. 

A concrete additive consists of an expanded perlite with a volume weighted mean particle size of approximately 10-100 pm. The perlite further includes at least one additional component to improve workability and compensate for the natural tendency of expanded perlite to absorb water from the concrete mix. The additional component may include water, a superplasticizer such as polycarb-oxylates, naphthalene sulfonate, and melamine sulfonate, or a hydrophobic compoimd such as salts of fatty acids, fatty acids, silanes, and sUoxanes. 

Massazza, F., Costa, U., and Coibella, E., Influence of Beta Naphthalene Sulfonate Formaldehyde Condensate Superplasticizing Admixture on C3A Hydration in Reaction of Aluminates During Setting of Cements, CEMBUREAU Rept., p. 3 (1977)... 

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