Sulfonate-carboxylate composition

For example, at 50 composition, the CE Is 86 (vs 87 theoretically) for the former and 91 (vs 90 theoretically) for the latter blend (J6). Physically the unusual change in the curvature of the CE curves arises from differences In the transport characteristics and roles of the sulfonate and sulfonamide phases. In a sulfonate/carboxylate blend, the carboxylate phase is the selective component but the sulfonate phase is the conductive component. The lamellar morphology works because it forces the OH ions through the selective carboxylate domain which would otherwise be bypassed. In a sulfonamide/carboxylate blend, however, the carboxylate phase is both the selective and the conductive component. The lamellar morphology consequently hurts the performance by diverting the 0H ions across the sulfonamide phase unnecessarily. 

Amphoteric Detergents. These surfactants, also known as ampholytics, have both cationic and anionic charged groups ki thek composition. The cationic groups are usually amino or quaternary forms while the anionic sites consist of carboxylates, sulfates, or sulfonates. Amphoterics have compatibihty with anionics, nonionics, and cationics. The pH of the surfactant solution determines the charge exhibited by the amphoteric under alkaline conditions it behaves anionically while ki an acidic condition it has a cationic behavior. Most amphoterics are derivatives of imidazoline or betaine. Sodium lauroamphoacetate [68647-44-9] has been recommended for use ki non-eye stinging shampoos (12). Combkiations of amphoterics with cationics have provided the basis for conditioning shampoos (13). 

The first section, Chemical Reactions on Polymers, deals with aspects of chemical reactions occurring on polymers—aspects relating to polymer size, shape, and composition are described in detail. One of the timely fields of applications comprises the use of modified polymers as catalysts (such as the immobilization of centers for homogeneous catalysis). This topic is considered in detail in Chapters 2, 3, 8, 9, and 11 and dealt with to a lesser extent in other chapters. The use of models and neighboring group effect(s) is described in detail. The modification of polymers for chemical and physical change is also described in detail in Chapters 2 (polystyrene) 4 (polyvinyl chloride) 5 (polyacrylic acid, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethyleneimine, and polyacrylamide) 6 (polyimides) 7 (polyvinyl alcohol) 8 (polystyrene sulfonate and polyvinylphosphonate) 10 (polyacrylamide) and 12 (organotin carboxylates). 

In contrast to the other large cats, the urine of the cheetah, A. jubatus, is practically odorless to the human nose. An analysis of the organic material from cheetah urine showed that diglycerides, triglycerides, and free sterols are possibly present in the urine and that it contains some of the C2-C8 fatty acids [95], while aldehydes and ketones that are prominent in tiger and leopard urine [96] are absent from cheetah urine. A recent study [97] of the chemical composition of the urine of cheetah in their natural habitat and in captivity has shown that volatile hydrocarbons, aldehydes, saturated and unsaturated cyclic and acyclic ketones, carboxylic acids and short-chain ethers are compound classes represented in minute quantities by more than one member in the urine of this animal. Traces of 2-acetylfuran, acetaldehyde diethyl acetal, ethyl acetate, dimethyl sulfone, formanilide, and larger quantities of urea and elemental sulfur were also present in the urine of this animal. Sulfur was found in all the urine samples collected from male cheetah in captivity in South Africa and from wild cheetah in Namibia. Only one organosulfur compound, dimethyl disulfide, is present in the urine at such a low concentration that it is not detectable by humans [97]. 

Synthetic dyes, because of their sulfonic and in some cases carboxylic acid functions, have short retention times in a reverse-phase HPLC system (168). Another problem encountered during reverse-phase HPLC is the tailing observed for compounds with sulfonic groups (216). Nevertheless, adequate pH and solvent composition have permitted the separation of some dyes in a reverse-phase system, as indicated on Table 7. 

Industrial effluents Organic compounds chloro- and nitrophenols, nonionic surfactants, linear alkylated benzene sulfonates, benzene and naphthalene sulfonates, estradiol, ethinyl estradiol V. fischeri (ToxAlert 10, ToxAlert 100) There were certain correlations between the results of the chemical analyses and bioassays to a large extent, however, the composition of the samples remained unknown Distinct correlations were found between the inhibition of bioluminescence and compound content, but only in the case of nonylphenol, nonylphenol carboxylate, nonylphenol ethoxylate, and chlorophenols 84... 

Compositions of three types of carrier ampholytes. Short segments of some representative carrier ampholytes are shown. The different types of molecules arise from different manufacturing processes. Most carrier ampholytes are mixtures of oligomers (about 300- 1000 Da in size) containing multiple aliphatic amino and carboxylate groups (A and B), although some types contain sulfonic and phosphoric acid residues (C). See Ref. I. 

The molar ratio of cosurfactant to active sulfonate is 5.8 for 5 gm/dl TRS 10-410 - 3 gm/dl IBA mixture. The molar ratio of deca-noic acid to active sulfonate was chosen to be 1.67. A sufficient amount of IBA was added to the aqueous solution to keep the molar ratio of IBA to total surfactant (carboxylate plus sulfonate) the same as in the carboxylate-free system. Smaller amounts of cosurfactant resulted in unfavorable precipitation. Based on the aqueous phase, the final composition was 5 gm/dl TRS 10-410, 8 gm/dl IBA and 2 gm/dl decanolc acid. The salinity was varied between 0.8 and 8 gm/dl NaCl for this surfactant composition. 

Perfluorinated carboxylate membranes were introduced about seven years ago. These membranes can be synthesized by a variety of methods or by various chemical conversions from the Nafion polymer.Composite membranes which contain both sulfonate and carboxylate functional groups have also been produced (see Section IV.l for more details). These carboxylate membranes have been widely employed in the advanced membrane chlor-alkali cells. This major chemical technology is in the process of being revolutionized by the use of these materials, a remarkable accomplishment for such a small group of polymers. ... 

We also wonder whether the CE of these blends can be improved as sulfonamide has much higher CE than sulfonate. Theoretically, however, the CE for lamellar sulfonamide/carboxylate blends has a totally different curvature ( 1 ) as shown by the dashed curve of Figure 8. The CE rises slowly and stays close to the behavior of pure sulfonamide for most of the composition. Beyond 25 carboxylate, the CE of a lamellar sulfonamide/carboxylate blend is... 

The data thus far have shown that S-PS can be plasticized effectively with respect to backbone and ionic domain plasticizers. By appropriate choice of the plasticizer type either the PS backbone or the ionic domains can be plasticized preferentially. By appropriate control of the metal sulfonate content and the polarity of the plasticizer used, flexible S-PS compositions possessing useful tensile properties are feasible. While this approach has substantial merit, it is apparent that simply increasing the level of a phthalate plasticizer to improve melt flow results in a substantial decrease in useful tensile properties. It would be desirable to use a given level of backbone plasticizer and adjust the melt flow of the entire composition by independently plasticizing the ionic domains. One approach to achieve this objective has been described in the plasticization of ionic groups in metal-sulfonated ethylene propylene terpolymers (9). In those systems, the incorporation of metal carboxylates as plasticizers can improve both flow behavior and tensile properties. It is of interest to determine if this class of plasticizers can be combined with the phthalate plasticizers used for the S-PS backbone to provide an improved balance of flow behavior and tensile properties for S-PS s. 

Traditionally, low crosslinked porous polymers modified by sulfonic or carboxylic acid groups (quaternary amines for the separation of cations) were the most widely used stationary phases. In recent years, silica-based chemically bonded or surface-modified (e.g. alumina treated) ion exchangers have found increasing use [159,484-488]. The trend towards increased use of modern porous polymer and silica-based materials is due to their higher performance and greater dimensional stability with different mobile phase compositions. 

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