Sulfates, alkyl-aryl

While raising the pH gave some improvements in lather, more improvement was needed. Various co-surfactants, including alkyl sulfates, alkyl aryl sulfonates, and fatty acid taurides were effective in improving the speed of lather when present at levels of around 5%. Cost considerations led to choosing an alkyl aryl sulfonate, particularly sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, as it was already widely used in the formulation of laundry detergents. 

Chem. Descrip. Blend of lautyl sulfates, alkyl aryl sulfonates, amine condensates, coupling and rinsing aids... 

Diarylamines can be A/-alkylated with anhydrides and acyl haUdes or A/-alkylated with alkyl haUdes, alkyl sulfates, and tri- / -alkylphosphites. Diphenylamine derivatives of alkyl—aryl gaUium, germanium, phosphoms, and siUcon are known (17), eg, pentaphenylgermanamine [64653-46-9]. 

Sulfates or sulfonates Alkali metal salts of sulfated alcohols, sulfonic acid salts alkyl-aryl sulfonates sodium laiiryl sulfate Nonaqiieoiis systems mixed aqueous and nonaqiieoiis systems oil-well drilling muds spent H3SO4 recovery deep-fat frying... 

As alkylating agents may for example be used alkyl halides, dialkyl sulfates, alkyl sulfonates and epoxides. Aryl halides and vinylic halides do not react. 

Sulfate monoesters can react by dissociative paths, and this is the favored path. Whether such reactions are concerted or involve a very short-lived sulfur trioxide intermediate has been the subject of debate. ° Benkovic and Benkovic reported evidence suggesting that the nucleophile is present (though there is little bond formation) in the transition state for the reaction of amines with p-nitrophenyl sulfate. Alkyl esters of sulfuric or sulfonic acids normally react with C-0 cleavage only when this is disfavored, as in aryl esters, does one see S-0 cleavage. Sulfate diester... 

Various detergents were examined for their effect on lather properties. It was observed that alkyl aryl sulfonates (like sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate) and alkyl sulfates (like sodium lauryl sulfate) had the biggest impact as foam boosters. This is not surprising, as both surfactants have head groups with high charge density, which is important for achieving rapid and stable foam [20],... 

Alkylation (with dialkyl sulfates, alkyl tosylates, and alkyl halides) and arylation (with nitro-activated aryl halides) of the llf-naphtho[l,8-deltriazine (89) and of the structurally related 6,7-dihydro-lif-... 

Tellurolates can be easily alkylated and, under suitable conditions, arylated to produce symmetrical and unsymmetrical diorgano tellurium (p. 387) and alkyl aryl tellurium (p.409) compounds. Examples of alkylating agents are primary ra-alkyl bromides and iodides, secondary alkyl bromides, dimethyl sulfate, allyl bromides6-9, chlorodifluoro-methane10, dichloroiodomethane11, methyl co-bromoalkanoates12, n, 3-halopropanoic... 

Alkyl Aryl Telluriums2 (Reduction with Thiourea Dioxide) To a solution of 1.0 mmol diaryl ditellurium in 7.5 ml tetrahydrofuran are added 0.108 g (1.0 mmol) thiourea dioxide, 30 mg 2HT (phase transfer reagent), and 2.0 mmol of the alkyl bromide. To this mixture are added 7.5 ml of a 50% aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. The mixture is stirred for several hours at 20°. The organic phase is separated. The aqueous phase is extracted three times with 20 ml ethyl acetate. The organic phase and the ethyl acetate extracts are combined and dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The mixture is filtered and the solvents evaporated from the filtrate. The residue is chromatographed on silica gel with ethyl acetate as mobile phase. 

The typical S-oxidation with BVMOs allows the formation of chiral sulfoxides from organic sulfides. This oxidation has received much interest in organic chemistry due to its use in the synthesis of enantiomerically enriched materials as chiral auxiliaries or directly as biologically active ingredients. This reaction has been studied extensively with CHMO from Adnetohacter showing high enantioselectivi-ties in the sulfoxidation of alkyl aryl sulfides, disulfides, dialkyl sulfides, and cychc and acyclic 1,3-dithioacetals [90]. CHMO also catalyzes the enantioselective oxida-hon of organic cyclic sulfites to sulfates [91]. 

Salts of sulfinic acids ace converted to sulfones by the action of pri-lary/ secondary, and benzyl halides, alkyl sulfates, and aryl halides in which the halogen atoms are activated by nitro groups in the ortbo or para positions. The reaction fails with t-amyl halide. The yields vary widely, depending upon the nature of the reactants. From salts of benzenesulfinic acid and simple alkylating agents, sulfones are produced in 50-90% yields. Satisfactory results have been obtained when the aryl sulfinic acid contains nitro, cyano, and acetamido groups. Keto sulfones are made in 48-62% yields by alkylation with a-halo ketones. ... 

Alkyl sulfates Quaternary ammonium compounds Polyoxyethylene alkyl-aryl ethers... 

R = alkyl, aryl R = 1° or 2 alkyl, allyl, benzyl, activated aryl, acyl X - Cl, Br, I, OTs electrophile epoxide, dialkyl sulfate, alkyl sulfonate, alkyl nitrate base = NaOR NaH base = KOf-Bu, cone. NaOEt, NaH solvent = R OH, f-BuOH, benzene, ether, DMF... 

Chlorobenzene is employed in the synthesis of certain amino-containing vat dye intermediates. When reacted with phthalic anhydride, the product is 2-chloroanthraquinone, which, with ammonia, is converted readily into 2-aminoanthraquinone (61). Other routes include replacement of halogen by amino groups, with ammonia or ammonium salts of urea, and alkyl- and aryl amines to afford secondary amines. Modification of the amino group by alkylation, with dimethyl sulfate, alkyl halides or esters of toluenesul-fonic acids, is of synthetic value. Arylation of the amino groups is of importance only in the reaction between aminoanthraquinones and nitro- or chloroanthraquinones to yield dianthraquinonylamines, or anthrimides48. For example, the reaction between 62 and 63 yields 64, which can then be converted into carbazole 65, Cl Vat Brown R (Scheme 14). Amination of haloanthraquinones such as l-amino-4-bromoanthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid (bromamine acid) (66), prepared from 1-aminoanthraquinone, is of industrial use. 

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