Sulfamethazine pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetic studies indicate that sulfamethazine is rapidly absorbed and excreted in farm animal species. The elimination is generally more rapid when the drug is injected than when it is administered orally with the feed or drinking water. 

In other cases, the same disease states exert a different effect on drug pharmacokinetics depending on the drug and the animal species (41). Elimination of sulfadimethoxine or amoxycillin from pigeons was distinctly accelerated in case of Coccidia (42) or Salmonella infection (43). However, significant differences in the residue profile, compared to healthy chickens, were observed neither in that of sulfamethazine nor in that of its acetyl metabolite after oral administration to chickens infected with Coccidia (44). 

Bevill, R.F., Dittert, L.W. Bourne, D.W.A. (1977) Disposition of sulfonamides in food-producing animals. IV Pharmacokinetics of sulfamethazine in cattle following administration of an intravenous dose and three oral dosage forms. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 66, 619-623. 

Finally, it is important to realise that pharmacokinetics may not be the answer to every problem This is exemplified by reference to residues of sulfamethazine in pigs. Pig kidneys in several countries including the UK and the USA have been found to... 

Macek, J. Vacha, J. Rapid and sensitive method for determination of piroxicam in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. J.Chromatogr., 1987,420, 445-449 [column temp 35 glass column LOD 150 ng/mL pharmacokinetics simultaneous antipyrine, diclofenac, hydroxychloroquine, ibuprofen, isoxicam, plaquenil, sulfamethazine]... 

A summary of the detailed information on the pharmacokinetics of sulfamethazine (also known as sulfadimidine) and sulfadiazine is provided by Papich and Riviere. ... 

Nouws JEM, Mevius D, Vree TB, Baakman M, Degen M, Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and renal clearance of sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, and sulfamethazine and of their N-4 acetyl and hydroxy metabolites in calves and cows, Am. J. Vet. Res. 1988 49 1059-1065. 

Bulgin MS, Lane VM, Archer TE, Baggot JD, Craigmill AL, Pharmacokinetics, safety and tissue residues of sustained-release sulfamethazine in sheep, J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 1991 14 36-45. 

Sweeney RW, Bardalaye PC, Smith CM, Soma LR, Uboh CE, Pharmacokinetic model for predicting sulfamethazine disposition in pigs, Am. J. Vet. Res. 1993 54 750-754. 

Buur JL, Baynes RE, Craigmill AL, Riviere JE, Development of a physiologic-based pharmacokinetic model for estimating sulfamethazine concentrations in swine and application to prediction of violative residues in edible tissues. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2005 66 1686-1693. 

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