Sugar fingerprint

DEN DUNNEN J, GRiNGHUis SI, GEiJTENBEEK TB (2010), Dustiug the Sugar fingerprint C-type lectin signaling in adaptive immunity , Immunol Lett, 128,12-16. 

The methods used to detect adulteration of juices have been reviewed by a number of authors and two examples are given here (Fry el al., 1995 Hammond, 1996). With the changing methods of unscrupulous suppliers it is now common to use a battery of tests to ensure that a product is authentic. Although this is costly, it is the only way to ensure the authenticity of a product and protect company reputations. The array of tests will often include a number of the procedures described above, such as sugar and acid profiles, along with other methods such as stable isotopic and fingerprinting procedures. 

Fingerprinting methods such as the anthocyanin methods and the Kirksey method for polyphenols (Kirksey el al., 1995) offer good ways to check for the addition of other fruits in a product. As the adulterators have become more sophisticated in the approaches that they use to extend juices, there has been a need for more complex methods of analysis. This means that it is now not uncommon to have to use fingerprinting techniques and isotopic methods to detect the most sophisticated forms of adulteration. These sophisticated analytical methods can even involve detection of the isotope ratios within a class of compounds such as sugars (Hammond el al., 1998). Using the RSSL 13C-IRIS approach, which was developed with financial support from the UK Food Standards Agency, it was possible to reduce the detection limit for the addition of C4-derived sugars to juices by about a factor of two. 

The sugars and phosphates are omitted in this notation. A comparison of DNA sequences comparison allows one to determine the relationship between different organisms and is also used to find small differences in humans (so-called DNA fingerprinting), see also Nucleic Acids Nucleotide Ribonucleic Acid. 

A few pyrolysis studies done on yeasts and yeast-like fungi did not attempt to analyze individual polysaccharides but to obtain a fingerprint characterization [67], It was also common to use statistical techniques such as factor analysis for the data interpretation. It was not unusual to find N-acetylamino sugar units in fungal polysaccharides. These units showed characteristic peaks in Py-MS that allowed the distinction of different materials. 

Such H-1 signals can be used as a fingerprint using known mannans as references (Table I) in order to identify parent yeasts isolated from rivers and lakes. This is aided by the versatility of yeasts in producing mannose-containing polysaccharides of different chemical structure (2)- In cases where spectra cannot be obtained the component sugars can sometimes be used to define the polysaccharide., ... 

A modified method for the analysis of sugars as the 6>-trimethylsilyl derivatives of methyl glycosides has been used to give reproducible fingerprints of the carbohydrates of Streptococcus mutans ... 

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