Suffering universality

Archibald Scott Courier (1831-1892) was born in Kirkintilloch, Scotland, and studied at the universities of Glasgow, Edinburgh, and Paris. Although his scientific paper about the ability of carbon to form four bonds was submitted prior to a similar paper by Kekule, Couper never received credit for his work. His health began to decline after the rejection of his achievements, and he suffered a nervous breakdown in 1858. He then retired from further scientific work and spent the last 30 years of his life in the care of his mother. 

Staffing/organization. Interdisciplinary programs often suffer within universities because they are perceived as drains on the financial and personnel resources of the traditional departments and it is difficult to get cooperation. 

Bulk property detectors function by measuring some bulk physical property of the mobile phase, e.g., thermal conductivity or refractive index. As a bulk property is being measured, the detector responses are very susceptible to changes in the mobile phase composition or temperature these devices cannot be used for gradient elution in LC. They are also very sensitive to the operating conditions of the chromatograph (pressure, flow-rate) [31]. Detectors such as TCD, while approaching universality in detection, suffer from limited sensitivity and inability to characterise eluate species. 

Ruth Lewin Sime. Lise Meitner A Life in Physics. Berkeley University of California Press, 1996. Source for Meitner s quotation about a lion and Von Laue s about spiritual suffering. ... 

Another approach, neglecting the details of the chemical structure and concentrating on the universal elements of chain relaxation, is based on dynamic scaling considerations [4, 11], In particular in polymer solutions, this approach offers an elegant tool to specify the general trends of polymer dynamics, although it suffers from the lack of a molecular interpretation. 

In the case of nonequimolal cpunterdiffusion, equation 12.2.6 suffers from the serious disadvantage that the combined diffusivity is a function of the gas composition in the pore. This functional dependence carries over to the effective diffusivity in porous catalysts (see below), and makes it difficult to integrate the combined diffusion and transport equations. As Smith (12) points out, the variation of 2C with composition (YA) is not usually strong, and it has been an almost universal practice to use a composition independent form of Q)c (12.2.8) in assessing the importance of intrapellet diffusion. In fact, the concept of a single effective diffusivity loses its engineering utility if the dependence on composition must be retained. 

J. S. Butts, The Comparative Ketolytic Action of Glucose, Galactose and Lactose When Administered to Rats Suffering from an Artificial Ketosis, Dissertation, University of Southern California (1933). 

It has been claimed that the second law means that the universe as a whole must tend inexorably towards a state of maximum entropy. By an analogy with a closed system, the entire universe must eventually end up in a state of equilibrium, with the same temperature everywhere. The stars will run out of fuel. All life will cease. The universe will slowly peter out in a featureless expanse of nothingness. It will suffer a heat death . 

Fluorometry and absorption spectrophotometry are competing techniques in the sense that both analyze for molecular species and complex ions. Each offers its own advantages and disadvantages. As stated above, the number of chemical species that exhibit fluorescence is very limited. However, for those species that do fluoresce, the fluorescence is generally very intense. Thus we can say that while absorption spectrophotometry is much more universally applicable, fluorometry suffers less from interferences and... 

While fast atom bombardment (FAB) [66] and TSI [25] built up the basis for a substance-specific analysis of the low-volatile surfactants within the late 1980s and early 1990s, these techniques nowadays have been replaced successfully by the API methods [22], ESI and APCI, and matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation (MALDI). In the analyses of anionic surfactants, the negative ionisation mode can be applied in FIA-MS and LC-MS providing a more selective determination for these types of compounds than other analytical approaches. Application of positive ionisation to anionics of ethoxylate type compounds led to the abstraction of the anionic moiety in the molecule while the alkyl or alkylaryl ethoxylate moiety is ionised in the form of AE or APEO ions. Identification of most anionic surfactants by MS-MS was observed to be more complicated than the identification of non-ionic surfactants. Product ion spectra often suffer from a reduced number of negative product ions and, in addition, product ions that are observed are less characteristic than positively generated product ions of non-ionics. The most important obstacle in the identification and quantification of surfactants and their metabolites, however, is the lack of commercially available standards. The problems with identification will be aggravated by an absence of universally applicable product ion libraries. 

In his editorial, entitled "War Chemistry and the Alleviation of Suffering," Herty pointed out that in the area of medicinal chemistry the chemist cannot work alone. He must rely on the pharmacologist and the physiologist to determine the therapeutic potential of a product. Cooperation between the chemist and the biologist was thus essential. Herty complained that universities often lacked the funds and the necessary spirit of cooperation to undertake such studies, that most manufacturing establishments had inadequate facilities for these purposes, and that government laboratories suffered from insufficient appropriations for research. Certain privately-endowed institutions, most notably the Rockefeller Institute, provided the appropriate environment for such cooperative research, but there were few such institutions and their capacity for work was necessarily limited. 

This pioture oould be ior ar )j Har it doesn t matter. In that way it is a universal message. There is not anything in the pioture that tells you where it is happening. You don t know who the people are. There are wars hapen-ing today. People suffer now like in Guernica.You remeber it because it makes you upset and you wish there would never be a war. Then people wouldn t have to suffer. This picture is memrable becauseyou remember how the people suffered and they probly didn t do anything. 

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