Subsidies

In the first years of gasohol use some starting and driveabiUty problems were reported (19). Not all vehicles experienced these problems, however, and better fuel economy was often indicated even though the energy content of the fuel was reduced. Gasohol was exempted from the federal excise tax amounting to a 0.16/L ( 0.60/gal) subsidy. Without this subsidy, ethanol would be too expensive for use even as a fuel additive. 

Another factor is the potential economic benefit that may be realized due to possible future environmental regulations from utilizing both waste and virgin biomass as energy resources. Carbon taxes imposed on the use of fossil fuels in the United States to help reduce undesirable automobile and power plant emissions to the atmosphere would provide additional economic incentives to stimulate development of new biomass energy systems. Certain tax credits and subsidies are already available for commercial use of specific types of biomass energy systems (93). 

A commercial-scale SNG plant, the Great Plains Plant in North Dakota, was actually built and operated for several years using a scheme based on coal. However, upon termination of the government subsidy, the plant s owner, ANR Inc., found it uneconomical to continue plant operation and shut down the plant in the late 1980s. 

Fig. 1. U.S. sweetener consumption, 1980—1992, where represents sucrose ( ), com sweeteners and ( ), noncalotic sweeteners. In each country of the modem world, sugar production and trade play major social, pohtical, and economical roles. In order to regulate and protect export, import, stocks, subsidies, tariffs, etc, an enormous number of laws have been enacted and agreements concluded on sugar, both domestically and internationally. Also, insofar as sugar is a basic staple for a large population, each country keeps a watchhil eye on sugar production, consumption, and price, which vary widely from country to country, as shown in Table 2 (7,8). Table 2. World Sugar Production, Consumption, and Retail Prices, 1993-1995 ...

Good saving. But low compared to a.c. drives because of high slip losses. As it saves energy, it is also entitled to state subsidies... 

One problem with fuel taxes, continuing fines, and effluent fees is how to use the funds collected most effectively. Among the ideas which have been developed are to use the funds as the basis for loans or subsidies for... 

RECYCLING Thc usc of materials, usually after further processing, which otherwise would be thrown away. Becoming common practice in industry, especially with expensive commodities such as chemical solvents although many products require a commercial subsidy in order to make recycling viable. 

A key consideration for many facility managers will be the cost (in dollars and in time) of their participation. To the extent possible, consider devising some means of providing subsidies, or otherwise sharing costs this will not only help overcome resistance but will also underscore the company s commitment to PSM. 

Beihilfe,/. help, assistance subsidy, beikommen, v.t. approach, get at, reach,... 

Geld, n. money. -anlage, /. investment, -hilfe, /. financial aid, subsidy, -mittel, n.pl. (pecuniary) means, -miinze, /. coin, -schrank, m. safe, -strafe, /. fine, -stuck, n. piece of money, coin, -verschreibung, /. promissory note, -wesen, n. monetary matters, finances. 

See also Aircraft Aviation Fuel Efficiency of Energy Use, Economic Concerns and Engines Kerosene Subsidies and Energy Costs Supply and Demand and Energy Prices Transportation, Evolution of Energy Use and. 

Natural-gas-dcrived fuels arc the most cost-competitive because natural gas does not need to be refined like gasoline and diesel fuel from petroleum (Figure 1). Ethanol, a heavily subsidized alternative fuel, is not as cost-competitive as natural-gas-dcrived fuels. If not for the subsidies and environmental reg-... 

When gasoline-powered automobiles are modified to burn a fuel such as ethanol alone, they are known as dedicated ethanol vehicles—risky investments for buyers who have concerns about future availability. For example, Brazil s Proalcool program promoted and heavily subsidized ethanol, and thus dedicated ethanol vehicles, from 1975 to 1988. Once the subsidies were curtailed and then eliminated (estimates of the costs of the subsidy to the government range from 7 to 10 billion), shortages resulted. Many of the owners of ethanol-dedicated vehicles either had to junk or retrofit the vehicles to run on gasoline, and the sales of ethanol-dedicated vehicles went from 50 percent of the market in 1988 to 4 percent by mid-1990. 

Prices can fail to reflect true social cost for reasons other than externalities. Factors such as taxes, subsidies, tiiotiopolies, and fear of expropriation also can cause prices to diverge from marginal social cost. 

City and state subsidies in the bidding war for the next generation of ports. 

The ship lines will make redevelopment decisions based more on who offers the bigge subsidy rather than the best rail links. 

Regulations and Subsidies That Hove Distorted Energy Use in the Freight Transportation Market... 

The World Bank also looks tor energy effieiency improvement opportunities by pushing for the elimination of fossil fuel subsidies (estimated at over 200 billion a year in the developing world), improving demand-side efficiency, and making the energy supply system more cost conscious. 

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