Submergence in liquid

If we consider, not a bubble submerged in liquid, but one surrounded by a thin film of the same, e.g., a soap bubble, we have to take into account the pull on both the internal and external surfaces,... 

Because the pumps are not submerged in liquid and have only one moving part, the system is rugged and reliable. 

Fracture surfaces were examined in an ISI, Inc. Super III-A SEM. Cold snap samples were fractured after being submerged in liquid nitrogen for ten minutes. Crack faces of the 3PB and CT specimens were also studied with SEM. 

The reason is condensate backup. The condensate backup causes subcooling that is, the liquid is cooled below its bubble point, or saturated liquid temperature. Perhaps a rat has lodged in the condensate outlet pipe. The rat restricts condensate drainage from the shell side. To force its way past the dead rat, the propane backs up in the condenser. The cold tubes in the bottom of the shell are submerged in liquid propane. The liquid propane is cooled below its bubble-point temperature. 

Note that the propane vapor is still condensing to propane liquid at 120°F. The condensed liquid is in intimate contact with the propane vapor, as it drips off the outside surface of the colder condenser tubes. The saturated propane vapor condenses directly to saturated propane liquid at 120°F. The saturated, or bubble-point, liquid then drips from the condensation zone of the condenser into the subcooling zone of the condenser. This is the zone where the tubes are submerged in liquid. 

One common example of firing on the tube side of a heater is the glycol-regeneration boiler, shown in Fig. 21.7. This type of heater will typically have a high excess 02, to prevent high flame temperatures, which could overheat the fire tube. Also, the fire tube is kept submerged in liquid, to prevent tube overheating. 

Figure 20 Schematic of two configurations for a pulsed corona reactor (a) ground electrode submerged in liquid and (b) ground electrode suspended above the liquid surface. The immersed electrode in both cases is a point electrode (reprinted with permission from Grymonpre et al, 2004 Copyright 2004 American Chemical Society). For a variety of other reactor configurations, see Locke et al. (2006).

The fluorine produced is either immediately used to prepare other final products or is first liquefied and delivered in steel cylinders where required. When fluorine is liquefied it is first led from the electrolyzer through a steel coil cooled to — 90 °C by dry ice. It then passes through a coil submerged in liquid oxygen, (— 183 °C) to separate the remaining traces of hydrogen fluoride, carbon dioxide and tetrafluoromethane. The product still contains a small... 

An electric current is passed through a wire 1 mm in diameter and 10 cm long. The wire is submerged in liquid water at atmospheric pressure, and the current is increased until the water boils. For this situation h = 5000 W/m2 °C, and the water temperature will be 100°C. How much electric power must be supplied to the wire to maintain the wire surface at 114°C ... 

Backman and De Vries also filed nylon 66 submerged in liquid nitrogen using a small rotary Be. Exact details of the method employed were not provided, as is often the case in papers on grindit and milling. 

Behie and Kehoe (B9) state that the efifect of the jetting zone is salient, especially for the case of very fast reaction. They use a very high mass-transfer coefficient in their calculation (A oj = 57 cm/sec, Mj = 30 m/sec) (B8). On the other hand, (, could be very small in the jetting zone if the dense phase holds only the jets of high speed and not bubbles, since i), = 1 due to Mj 0. Actually, the fraction of bubble phase is high in this zone (B6, E8). In case of fluid beds, the spout above the nozzle of the distributor is quite unsteady and splits into bubbles within a very short distance. As for this, the observation by van Krevelen and Hoftizer (V6) for a gas jet submerged in liquid is quite suggestive for practical values of 11. ... 

In reality the concentration profile and the molar flux will differ from the values calculated for h0 —> 0. As an example we will look at the scenario illustrated in Fig. 1.45 where a porous body submerged in liquid A, for example water, has a gas B e.g. an alcohol flowing over it. Liquid A evaporates in gas B, and in reverse gas B mixes with liquid A in the porous body. The convective flux caowao + Cbo bo = couo = n0 does not completely disappear at the surface of the porous body, so that the molar flux of A at the surface is given by the familiar equation... 

STM investigations historically started with small molecules deposited under controlled conditions (ultrahigh vacuum) and Langmuir-Blodgett films studied in air. AFM investigations of bio-molecules were first performed with the tip submerged in liquid. 

The liquid-solid interface (Fig. 10.24c) can directly be investigated operating the tip submerged in liquid [59]. This important method was already introduced in the above section operation modes of STM . Additionally, an electric potential can be applied to the surface bio-molecules successfully 2-D crystallized and imaged with AFM on mica in a pH-controlled surrounding buffer [31]. 

Equipment submerged in liquids, e.g. sump pumps, down-hole pumps. 

Thus equation (13.15) can be rewritten for the case where the agitator and shaft are submerged in liquid as... 

Pyrolysis followed by cryogenic quench has been unsuccessfully used in attempts to prepare S2 as a cryogenic liquid which was predicted to be similar to O2. A hot glowing wire or refractory submerged in liquid air or liquid O2 will yield O3 but no NO. Colored modifications of metals such as red selenium, yellow arsenic, or red magnesium have been similarly produced and apparently have unusual properties. 

Tensile tests at 75 °F were made on standard tensile testing equipment. For tests at —320°F, specially constructed cryostats for the liquid-nitrogen coolant were used. All specimens were completely submerged in liquid nitrogen for a minimum of five minutes... 

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