Submarine glasses

Hiyagon, H., Ozima, M., Marty, B., Zashu, S., Sasaki, H. (1992) Noble gases in submarine glasses from mid-oceanic ridges and Loihi seamount Constraints on the early history of the Earth. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 56, 1301-16. 

Kent A. J. R., Peate D. W., Newman S., Stolper E. M., and Pearce J. A. (2002) Chlorine in submarine glasses from the Lau Basin seawater contamination and constraints on the composition of slab-derived fluids. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 202, 361-377. 

Muenow D.W., Garcia M.O., Aggrey K.E., Bednarz U. and Schmincke H.U., 1990, Volatiles in submarine glasses as a discriminant of tectonic origin application to the Troodos ophiolite. jV4/tire, 343, 159-161. 

FIG. 3 (a) Block schematic of the typical instrumentation for SECM with an amperometric UME tip. The tip position may be controlled with various micropositioners, as outlined in the text. The tip potential is applied, with respect to a reference electrode, using a potential programmer, and the current is measured with a simple amplifier device. The tip position may be viewed using a video microscope, (b) Schematic of the submarine UME configuration, which facilitates interfacial electrochemical measurements when the phase containing the UME is more dense than the second phase. In this case, the glass capillary is attached to suitable micropositioners and electrical contact is made via the insulated copper wire shown. 

A third type of security glass is installed in modem penal institutions. This product is utilized for prisoner detention and obviates iron bars and their demeaning aspect. Typical construction utilizes three or more layers with at least one ply of thick PVB. Other constructions utilize polycarbonates, polyurethanes, and modified acrylics. Strengthened glass and electrically conductive circuits for alarms may be included. Large, heavy sections of similar construction have been used for underwater windows for boats, submarines, and aquariums. Four plies of fully tempered, 10-mm glass plus three plies of PVB totaling 44.5 mm in thickness has a modulus of rupture of 172 MPa (25,000 psi) (39). 

The low water absorptivity and good resistance to hydrostatic pressure make syntactic foams very useful for marine and submarine construction. Materials to be used for deep-sea application must have 1) low compressibilities at high hydrostatic pressure, 2) low thermal expansion coefficients, 3) low water absorption, and 4) good fire resistance. The fluids used for buoyancy in deep water submersibles include gasoline, ammonia, and silicone oil, while the solids include plastic, glass and aluminium foams, lithium, wood, and monolithic polyolefins. The liquids are dense but have low... 

Lithium-base greases, especially the stearate, are efficient over an extremely wide temperature range up to 160°C. Lithium hydroxide (LiOH) is a component of the electrolyte in alkaline storage batteries and is employed in the removal of carbon dioxide in submarines and space capsules. Lithium bromide (LiBr) brine is used for air conditioning and dehumidification. Lithium hypochlorite (LiOCl) is a dry bleach used in commercial and home laundries. Lithium chloride (LiCl) is in demand for low-temperature batteries and for aluminum brazing. Other uses of lithium compounds include catalysts, glass manufacture, and, of course, nuclear energy. 

Honda, M., McDougall, I., Patterson, D. B., Doulgeris, A., Clague, D. A. (1993a) Noble gases in submarine pillow basalt glasses from Loihi and Kilauea, Hawaii A solar component in the Earth. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 57, 859-74. 

Valbracht, P. J., Honda, M., Staudigel, H., McDougall, I., Trost, A. P. (1994) Noble gas partitioning in natural samples Results from coexisting glass and olivine phenocrysts in four Hawaiian submarine basalts. In Noble Gas Geochemistry, X Matsuda, Ed., pp. 371-81. Tokyo Terra Scientific Publishing Co. 

The first use of the SECM in a study of lateral mass transfer was reported by Unwin and Bard [79]. Several years later, the Unwin group studied the lateral mass transfer of a surfactant at the air-water (A-W) interface by analyzing transient current behavior [81]. The electroactive surfactant, A-octadecylferro-cenecarboxamide (CigFc0) was mixed with 1-octadecanol in a 1 1 ratio and spread onto water surface to form a Langmuir monolayer. A 25-pm diameter submarine tip (i.e., a Pt UME sealed in a U-shaped glass capillary with the conductive surface pointing upward) was placed 1-2 pm away from the A-W... 

Byers C. D., Garcia M. O., and Muenow D. W. (1986) Volatiles in basaltic glasses from the East Pacific Rise at 21°N implications for MORE sources and submarine lava flow morphology. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 79, 9-20. 

Mathez E. A. (1976) Sulfur solubility and magmatic sulfides in submarine basalt glass. J. Geophys. Res. 81, 4269-4276. 

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