Subject redundancy

Tests which induce specific failure modes. For instance, use hardware/software fault-injection techniques to subject redundant diverse versions to anomalous behaviour. The effect of the injected faults is observed to determine if common mode failures have occurred. 

An alternative approach is to create a reducible structure that deliberately includes redundant features and then subject this to optimization. Redundant features are then removed by the optimization. 

In Chapter 1, two alternative ways were discussed that can be used to develop the structure of a flowsheet. In the first way, an irreducible structure is built by successively adding new features if these can be justified technically and economically. The second way to develop the structure of a flowsheet is to first create a superstructure. This superstructure involves redundant features but includes the structural options that should be considered. This superstructure is then subjected to optimization. The optimization varies the settings of the process parameters (e.g. temperature, flowrate) and also optimizes the structural features. Thus to adopt this approach, both structural and parameter optimization must be carried out. So far, the discussion of optimization has been restricted to parameter optimization. Consider now how structural optimization can be carried out. 

Armando Aranda The idea is that in a very simple system like yeast, if you have two genes doing the same function, and then one of the genes should be subject to continuous mutation by drift, because it can t be seen by natural selection. And the amazing thing is that it is not the case that such genes, which are redundant, are subject to random mutation. That s one of the big issues now. 

Subsequent chapters deal largely with developments in the theory of geometric phase and non-adiabatic coupling over the past 10 years, but the editors agreed with me that there would be some value in including a chapter on early contributions to the field, to provide a historical perspective. No doubt the choice of material will seem subjective to some. Others will find it redundant to repeat well-established results in an Advances volume, but this chapter is not... 

Since the data are usually obtained from observations (measurements) that are subject to probabilistic fluctuations, redundant data are usually inconsistent in the sense that each sufficient subset yields different results from other subsets. To obtain a unique solution, an additional criterion is necessary. If the least square principle is applied, among all the solutions that are consistent with the measurement model, the estimations that are as close as possible to the measurements are considered to be the solution of the estimation problem. We define a least squares estimation problem as follows ... 

The linear models within each pool were subjected to a diversity analysis procedure in order to discard redundant equations based on roughly similar descriptor choices. 

The first suggestion to make your writing more concise is to eliminate the names of scientists and the titles of their works from your sentences. (If relevant, this information is included in the references, so it is redundant to repeat it in the text.) The authors of the six key articles in this textbook followed this advice more than 125 articles were cited in their Introduction sections, but authors names appeared only once What this means, then, is to make the science the subject of your sentences. Consider the following examples ... 

This article builds upon an earlier review on the same subject by Porter and Johnson in 1966 (14), and on the recent treatise on viscoelasticity in polymers by Ferry (15). We have generally tried to maintain the same nomenclature as the latter. Recent reviews on the relation between the zero-shear viscosity and molecular structure (16), crosslinked networks (17), and flow birefringence (18) in this same journal cover portions of the subject. We have tried to minimise redundancy with these works while at the same time making the review reasonably self-contained. 

Problem Formulation. The conditions of equilibrium require the equivalence in each phase of temperature, pressure, and chemical potential for each component that is transferable between the phases and are subject to constraints of stoichiometry. A statement of the equivalence of chemical potential is identical to equations 8 and 9. An example is the AJB C D quaternary system. This system contains four binary compounds, AC, BC, AD, and BD, and the conditions of equilibrium allow three equations (of the type given by equation 8) to be written. The fourth possible equation is redundant as a result of the stoichiometric constraint (i.e., equal number of atoms on each sublattice). 

I mentioned that this book relieves teachers of making up their own problems. But this makes the role of the teacher in no way redundant. First, since the problems are not keyed to any particular book, they may not be in the order in which the subject matter is presented in a course so they need to be assigned as the course proceeds. By the same token the total number of problems is probably too large for most students to handle, so a selection in the assignment might be advisable. 

Acknowledgment that mixtures may cause risks that are not fully covered by single compound evaluations does not automatically imply that mixture assessments should be performed for all potential mixture exposures. This depends on the problem at hand, the specific exposure situation, and the available information. If a regulator must make a decision about the remediation of 1 contaminated soil plot, and it is already known that one of the mixture components exceeds the remediation threshold, and this fact results in a need for remedial action itself, then a mixture assessment is redundant. Mixture assessment for contaminated soils (and other compartments and exposure routes) is useful if the known individual components do not exceed their respective thresholds, but if it is suspected that the overall mixture may still cause unacceptable adverse effects, and in case risk managers have a limited budget for a large number of contaminated sites, that is, when they have to prioritize the most hazardous sites to be remediated first, while other sites should possibly be subject to simple risk reduction measures. The situation is different for mixture emissions. Here, potential mixture effects should always be addressed because the aim was and is to establish an emission level that is lower than a certain (acceptable) effect level. 

In a computerized plant, it is best to avoid putting redundant inputs on or in the same slot, cluster, or board in the computer. The safety system should be continuously exercised. An independent safety system suffers from a major drawback, particularly if it is implemented using relays. This drawback is that the safety system usually remains inert for long periods of time. Electronic circuits or relays are subject to failures such that when the safety system is called on to operate, it may be incapable of doing so. The best way to ensure that the safety system has not suffered a fault is to continuously exercise it. This is best done if the safety system is also responsible for control calculations and is constantly in use (Wensley, 1986). 

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