Subfamilial Distribution Patterns

The Compositae is so well differentiated from other families that any claims concerning its affinities are difficult to defend. In contrast, its own internal 

A tribe with uncertain affinities based on nonchemical characters, the Anthemideae, displays a closer chemical link with group 1. Intensive chemical analysis of this tribe failed to produce reports of either diterpenes of benzofurans/pyrans. Finally, the chemistry of the Lactuceae (Cichorioideae) more closely resembles that of the group 1 tribes, a finding which is in agreement with Wagenitz. 

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Woody Legume Species and Infraspecific Taxa (Lianas and Woody-Based Perennial Herbs Excluded) Occurring in the Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests of Southern Ecuador (the Tumbesian Zone and Inter-Andean Valleys) and Their Distribution Patterns, from Narrow Endemics to Widespread Neotropical (Taxa Arranged Alphabetically by Genus and Species within Each Legume Subfamily)... 

The third goal was to compare the distribution of diterpenes to the classification scheme used to subdivide the Compositae into its subfamilies, tribes, subtribes, genera, etc., and to seek chemical distribution patterns that paralleled the plant taxonomic boundaries. As diterpenes constitute a substantial body of raw taxonomic data, they may hold some promise as novel characters for use in plant taxonomy. 

Further systematic classification at the level of families and subfamilies using the patterns of betalains is possible only in a few cases (see below). The majority of chemotaxonomic work on members of the Caryophyllales has been concentrated on flavonoids (101). More investigations, especially on the basis of sound phytochemical work as well as extensive screening data, for example, with the aid of HPLC, are needed. Table I summarizes the distribution of betalains in the Caryophyllales (only well-characterized compounds are listed). 

In micas (as well as in many other phyllosilicates) the Pauling model and also the homo-octahedral approximation are abstractions which are very useful, among others, for didactic purposes to gain first knowledge, but also for the calculation of identification diagrams of MDO polytypes, and for the calculation of PID functions, described in sections about experimental identification of mica polytypes below. A better approximation, but still an abstraction, is the Trigonal model, which is important for the explanation of subfamilies and for some features in the diffraction patterns. Also, when speaking of a specific polytype, a characteristic sequence of abstract mica layers is intended rather than deviations from stoichiometry, distribution of cations within octahedral sheets, distortion of coordination polyhedra, etc. 

Subfamily A polytypes. As shown in the section dealing with the family structure, the family structure of subfamily A polytypes has symmetry //r(3)1/w, admitting a primitive rhombohedral cell. Within the Trigonal model the family reciprocal sublattice is rhombohedral both in its geometry and intensity distribution. In the real diffraction pattern the intensity distribution deviates from rhombohedral symmetry proportionally to the deviations of the layer from their archetypes described by the Trigonal model, but the geometry remains rhombohedral. 

The main disulfide-stabilized fish AMPs are defensins, hepcidins and NK-lysins (Table 17.2). Defensins are probably the best studied family of AMPs since they are widely distributed within fungi, plants and animals (both vertebrates and invertebrates). Vertebrate defensins are classified into three subgroups, a-defensins, P-defensins and 0-defensins, based on the differences in the location and distribution of the disulfide bonds between their six conserved cysteine residues thus, in a-defensins the disulfide bond pattern is C1-C6, C2-C4 and C3-C5, in P-defensins is C1-C5, C2-C4 and C3-C6 and 0-defensins are cyclic peptides, also with three disulfide bonds, possibly derived from the splicing of two a-defensins. To date, a- and 0-defensins are only known in mammals, and 0-defensins are limited to primates." Because the P-defensin subfamily is spread across all vertebrates, the other defensins might evolve from ancestral P-defensins. In fish, P-defensin-like peptides have been identified in zebrafish (Danio rerio). 

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