Styrenes indenes

The first resins to be produced on a commercial scale were the coumarone—indene or coal-tar resins (1) production in the United States was started before 1920. These resins were dominant until the development of petroleum resins, which were estabHshed as important raw materials by the mid-1940s. Continued development of petroleum-based resins has led to a wide variety of aHphatic, cyclodiene, and aromatic hydrocarbon-based resins. The principal components of petroleum resins are based on piperylenes, dicyclopentadiene (DCPD), styrene, indene, and their respective alkylated derivatives. 

A further source of C9 material is coal tar. Structures of the two resins precursors are roughly similar, except the presence of small quantities of coumarone in coal tar feedstream. There is a significant difference in the concentrations of individual monomers coal-tar-based raw material is richer in indene (styrene/indene ratio =1 7) than the petroleum-based feedstream (styrene/indene ratio =1 1). 

Sequential addition of a second monomer (e.g., styrene,p-terbutyl styrene, p-methyl styrene, indene, -chloro styrene, isoprene, and a-methyl styrene) to make glassy outer-block... 

We report on the measurement of the propagation rate constants kp of styrene, indene, phenyl vinyl ether (PhViE) and 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether (CEViE) in nitrobenzene at (mostly) 298 K with 4-ClC6H4CO+SbF 6 as initiator. The dependence of the conductivity on the [4-ClC6H4CO+SbF"g] = c0 helped to establish that [Pn+] = c0 and thus to validate the foundation of this work. It is shown that most probably the propagating species are the uncomplexed, unpaired, solvated carbenium ions. Some new enthalpies of polymerisation have been found. 

Monomer Acenaphthylene Styrene Indene PhVE CEVE... 

The electrochemical reduction of 2,2-dibromo-l,3-diones in the presence of various olefins (styrene, indene) affords the [3 + 2] cycloadducts, 2,3-dihydrofuran derivatives in moderate to good yields (37-94%) (Scheme 84) [124]. 

The silver(I) fluoride/bromine and silver(I) fluoride/iodine systems can be exploited for generation in situ and electrophilic addition of "bromine monofluoride and iodine monofluoride to cyclohexene, mcthylenecyclohcxane, styrene, indene, and acenaphthylene.55... 

Subsequent to the work of the Ledwith group, cation radical cyclobutanation was extended to a variety of relatively readily ionizable substrates, including styrenes, indenes, and phenyl vinyl ether (Scheme 8) [25, 26]. 

Recently, Schmitz has reported aminations of weak nucleophiles such as alkenes to produce aziridines directly. Although simple aliphatic olefins do not react, styrene, indene, acrylonitrile, and norbornene were converted to aziridines. The reaction of 3-ethyl-3-methyloxaziridine with diphenylcyclopropenone may be a reaction of this type. ... 

I vtenes. benzene, toluene, octadienes, xylenes, styrene, indene. naphthalene... 

SO2. cydopentene, xylenes, ethylbenzene, styrene, indene, decadienes, dihydronaphthalenes, tetralin, napthalene... 

Oligomerization of aliphatic alkenes such as ethylene and propene, and aromatic alkenes, such as styrene, indene and their derivatives, catalyzed by a variety of Lewis acids, such as AlCl.i, BFj, AlBrj, and Brpnsted acids, such as H3PO4, is a well-studied subject. These reactions are important, particularly in the industrial arena. 

One mechanism is based on an observation that olefins with allylic hydrogens like isoprene, methyl styrene, indene, and cyclopentadiene can be polymerized by superdry, pure Lewis acids alone. This led to a suggestion that the process may involve an allylic self-initiation ... 

Kureshy [198] had also carried AE with a poly-salen. The poly-salen 316 derived from chiral diphenylethylenediamine (2 mol%) (Scheme 132) and NaOCl in the presence of cooxidant (NMO, 4-PPNO, PyNO, DMSO) forming the oxidative reagent were used for the epoxidation of styrene, indene and 6-cyano-2,2-dimethylchromene. In all cases, the best results in term of... 

Regulatory FDA 21 CFR 177.1810 Hydrogenated styrene/methyl styrene/indene copolymer... 

N-oxide. Recent computational studies find the metallooxetane structure to be too high in energy to be a reasonable intermediate. In homogeneous solution linear Erying plots are found for styrene, indene, and cyclooctadiene. This supports Path A and argues against a mechanism with an equilibrium formation of a metallooxetane prior to rate-determining epoxide formation (as in Path B). 

Aromatic hydrocarbon resins (AHRs) were mentioned as early as the 1930s and were initially obtained from raw materials of carbochemical origin. Later, AHRs were obtained from raw materials from petrochemistry [105-107]. Several thousand tons of AHRs are marketed per year, divided into two subgroups copolymeric AHRs and homopolymeric AHRs. The first subgroup dominates in importance and is made up of indene-coumarone resins (of carbochemical origin) [108—112] and of indene or styrene-indene resins (of petrochemical origin) [113—116]. 

The HRs least sensitive to this reaction are indene-coumarone resins and styrene-indenic resins [150]. 

The polymerization process of Diels-Alder adducts allows the formation of products with high content in COOH groups with no secondary crosslinking reactions and no chromophore formation. The same approach makes it possible to obtain AHRs with carboxylic functions, since indene-coumarone and styrene-indenic fractions contain dicyclopentadiene, which can be converted into endo-methylene-tetrahydrophihalic anhydride by healing with MA. 

In the range of aromatic resins, a special significance is held by the modification with phenolic or phenol-formaldehyde resins. Unsaturated aromatic fractions (styrene-indene, indene-coumarone), mixed with phenol polymerize in the presence of Lewis or Bronsted acids (H2SO4, HCl, AICI3, or activated zeolites). Having removed the nonpolymerizable fraction, two fractions can be separated a liquid one (isolated by vapors bubbling) and another, solid, one. Both fractions... 

Laminating and molding Styrene Indene United States 4,117,218 1978 Standard Oil... 

High impact moldings Styrene Indene Britain 1,558,052 1979 Standard Oil... 

Dicyclopentadiene, a monomer with a particularly high reactivity, has been copolymerized both thermally and catalytically (e.g., AICI3) with styrene, indene, a-... 

Poly(sulfur dioxide-co-melhyl methaclylale-co-bicycloheptene) (2.5/1) 700-800 SO2, ethylene cyclopentadiene, benzene, methyl methacrylate, bicycloheptene, methylcyclohexa-2,4-diene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, styrene, indene, naphthalene, dihydronaphihalenes 204... 

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