Styrene-divinylbenzene co-polymers

Structures of styrene, divinylbenzene, and a styrene-divinylbenzene co-polymer modified for use as an ion-exchange resin. The ion-exchange sites, indicated by R, are mostly in the para position and are not necessarily bound to all styrene units. 

Oefner, P. J. Huber, C. G. A decade of high-resolution liquid chromatography of nucleic acids on styrene-divinylbenzene co-polymers. J. Chromatogr. B 2002, 782, 27-55. 

LC techniques are widely diffused for the determination of hydrophilic but not volatile and thermally unstable pesticides. Since the European Community Directive [68] indicates 0.1 pg L" as the concentration threshold level for a single pesticide in waters destined for human consumption, to quantify these concentration levels, suitable pre-concentration and extraction procedures must be generally performed prior to the HPLC determination. The extraction methods are based on LLE, MAE, on-line continuous flow liquid membrane extraction (CFLME), and mainly on SPE and SPME. Many SPE procedures are used the packing materials are graphitized carbon, ODS, styrene-divinylbenzene co-polymers, or selective phases based on immunoafflnity. The extraction can be performed on- and off-line, manually, or in a semi-automated way. 

The extent of sulfonation of 8% crosslinked styrene divinylbenzene co-polymer beads (Biorad Bio Bead SX 8) was investigated by comparing the surface composition after sulfonation of the beads using chlorosulfonic acid, sulfuric acid and fuming sulfuric (54). Each reagent was refluxed in methylene chloride for a similar period of time. A wide-scan spectrum indicates the presence of sulfur 2p and 2s electrons, indicative of sulfonation. The surface sulfur content was fairly similar in the surface region analyzed by XPS. The composition determined from beads sulfonated by the three methods is indicated in Table VI. 

Aramaki et al. performed analysis of basic drugs on a macroporous styrene-divinylbenzene co-polymer (see Chapter 8, Table 8.4). 

Polymeric adsorbents The more extensively used polymeric adsorbents are styrene-divinylbenzene co-polymers, with a hydrophobic surface. With these adsorbents the limitations of linked silicas are overcome, for example, more stability at higher pH range. Their efficiency depends on particle size, surface area, porous diameter, porous volume, reticulation degree and distribution of particle size. 

Ohta, K., Towata, A., and Ohashi, M., Ion-exclusion chromatographic separations of Cj-Cg aliphatic carboxylic acids on a sulfonated styrene-divinylbenzene co-polymer resin column with... 

Several procedures using Chelex-100 (a styrene/divinylbenzene co-polymer with iminodiacetate functional groups) have also been developed. For batch systems, where conditioned resin is stirred with the water sample for up to 4 h, the labile aluminium fraction is calculated from the difference between the total aluminium concentration in the sample found before and after ion-exchange has taken place. The resin has to be very carefully preconditioned in a nitric acidified solution (pH 5.0) of Ca(N03)2 and MgS04 (at concentrations normally found in natural waters) [173,174],... 

Y. Knzovov, Y. Korovin, L. Kodnbenko, B. Gromov, V. Savel eva, and G. Kireeeva, Synthesis of new sorbents based on styrene-divinylbenzene co-polymer and tri-bntylphosphate, Proc. Moscow Mendeleev Chem.-Tech. Inst., 97,43—48 (1977). 

The first type of hydrocarbon membrane for fuel cell applications was the sulfonated polystyrene-divinylbenzene co-polymer membranes equipped for the power source in NASA s Gemini space flights, but the sulfonated polystyrene had low chemical stability for long-term applications, because the proton on the tertiary carbons and benzylic bonds are easily dissociated in an oxygen environment forming hydroperoxide radicals. Since a styrene monomer is easily co-polymerized with other vinyl monomers via radical polymerization methods, various styrenic polymers were researched intensively. Two commercial polystyrene-based/related membranes are available BAM (Ballard), and Dais Analytic s sulfonated styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS) membrane. Dais membranes are produced using... 

The most frequently used organic supports are polystyrene and styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer beads with functional groups such as diphenylpho.sphine covalently bonded. The polymer-anchored catalyst complex can then be obtained, for example, by displacement of a ligand already co-ordinated to a soluble metal complex (Cornils and Herrmann, 1996) ... 

Prepararion of the polymeric telluridef One per cent divinylbenzene styrene co-polymer Bio-Beads S-X (Bio-Rad laboratories), is converted into poly(p-lithiostyrene) according to the described procedure. ... 

Since the late 1960 s a few papers have demonstrated compositional analysis of various polymer systans by Raman spectroscopy. For example, Boerio and Yuann (U) developed a method of analysis for copolymers of glycidyl methacrylate with methyl methacrylate and styrene. Sloane and Bramston-Cook (5) analyzed the terpolymer system poly(methyl methacrylate-co-butadiene-co-styrene). The composition of copolymers of styrene-ethylene dimethacrylate and styrene-divinylbenzene was determined by Stokr et (6). Finally, Water (7) demonstrated that Raman spectroscopy could determine the amount of residual monomer in poly(methyl methacrylate) to the % level. This was subsequently lowered to less than 0.1% (8). In spite of its many advantages, the potential of Raman spectroscopy for the analysis of polymer systems has never been fully exploited. 

The clusters [AuOs3(/A-X)(CO)10(PPh3)] have been attached to phosphine-functionalized silica for X = H or Cl (175,176) or polymer (styrene-divinylbenzene) for X = H (176). On both supports, the immobilized hyd-rido cluster was found to be inactive for alkene hydrogenation and isomerization, whereas the supported Cl-containing species catalyzed alkene hydrogenation. The different behavior was initially incorrectly attributed to different metal framework structures for the two clusters, but, in fact, both species adopt similar butterfly skeletal geometries (12,54). 

All that is really needed is a co-polymer with a small amount of a compound similar to the main monomer but with at least one more functional group than is strictly necessary to form a linear polymer. For example, a small amount of 1,4-divinylbenzene co-polymerized with styrene leads to a linear polymer in which some of the phenyl rings carry a 4-vinyl group. 

The solid supports used in this study were macroporous co-polymers of vinylpyridine and styrene crosslinked with divinylbenzene. Polymers of this type in the form of beads are available commercially (e.g. Reillex 425) and were also prepared for this study by Purolite. For spectroscopic studies, a more convenient sample morphology was required and thin-film polymers of similar stoichiometry were synthesised by the group of Sherrington at the University of Strathclyde. Full details of the methods used to prepare thin film polymers are reported elsewhere.11 To generate the ion exchange resin, the pyridyl functionalities of the polymer were quatemised with methyl iodide (Eq 1). 

Figure 13-13. Comparison of choice of sample preparation on MRM signal intensity of an investigation compound. The injection volume was 40pL.The count per second (CPS) signifies the detector (an electron multiplier) response. Protein precipitation (PPT), hydrophilic-lipophilic balanced co-polymer-based SPE (Oasis HLB- copolymer of styrene, divinylbenzene and -vinylpirrolidone monomers the hydrophihc refers to the NVP monomer, and the lipophilic refers to the SDVB monomers), and strong anion exchange SPE (Max) (all in 96-well plate format) were used in control rat plasma (unpublished data).

The solid sorbents closely resemble to that of the solid stationary phases of liquid chromatography. Bonded silica gels (of reverse phase polarity) with a particle size of between 4 and 100 p.m, allow a percolation of faster flow rate. Other adsorbents, containing graphite or co-polymers such as styrene-divinylbenzene of large functional group bonded surfaces, are more stable in acidic solutions. 

For example, the cobalt(II) complex for phthalocyanine tetrasodium sulfonate (PcTs) catalyzes the autoxidation of thiols, such as 2-mercaptoethanol (Eq. 1) [4] and 2,6-di(t-butyl)phenol (Eq. 2) [5]. In the first example the substrate and product were water-soluble whereas the second reaction involved an aqueous suspension. In both cases the activity of the Co(PcTs) was enhanced by binding it to an insoluble polymer, e.g., polyvinylamine [4] or a styrene - divinylbenzene copolymer substituted with quaternary ammonium ions [5]. This enhancement of activity was attributed to inhibition of aggregation of the Co(PcTs) which is known to occur in water, by the polymer network. Hence, in the polymeric form more of the Co(PcTs) will exist in an active monomeric form. In Eq. (2) the polymer-bound Co(PcTs) gave the diphenoquinone (1) with 100% selectivity whereas with soluble Co(PcTs) small amounts of the benzoquinone (2) were also formed. Both reactions involve one-electron oxidations by Co(III) followed by dimerization of the intermediate radical (RS or ArO ). 

With phosphine-functionalized poly(styrene divinylbenzene) as a support, it was possible to generate the polymer-bound cluster [Fe2Pt(CO)8(Ph2P P)2] [P = poly(styrene-divinylbenzene)] which catalyzed ethylene hydrogenation under mild conditions.l )... 

This method has been used by Stille and co-workers to incorporate 2(p-styryl)-4,5-bis(tosyloxy)methyl-l, 3-dioxolane (11) into styrene-divinylbenzene polymers. The tosylate groups were then converted to the polymer equivalent of optically active 4,5-bis[diphenylphosphinomethyl]-... 

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