Structure, properties, and use

Diamond C is the high-pressure phase of carbon, and the C-C bonding is of sp pure covalent nature. The structure has a three-dimensional framework as indicated in Fig. 9.1, and is different from the low-pressure phase, graphite, which has a sheet structure consisting of sp covalent bonds and Van der Waals bonds connecting the sheets. Other polymorphs called lonsdalite, fullerene, and carbon nanotube, which consist of mixed sp and sp bonds, are also known. 

In diamond C, it is the fact that the structure consists of sp covalent bonds only that accounts for its unique physical properties, such as the highest hardness of any material (Mohs hardness 10), small compressibility (1.7X10 cm /l ), the highest elasticity among any known material (4 6 X10 dynes/cm, bulk elasticity), large thermal conductivity (9 26 W/(deg cm)), and small thermal expansion coefficient (0.8 0.1 X10 at 20 °C, comparable to the value of invar). As a result. 

Owing to its single composition and pure covalent bonding, diamond is a standard solid material, and takes the role of the most appropriate sample in explaining the effects upon structure-sensitive properties when the structure of solid material deviates from the ideal state. 

Diamonds are unique in existence as the standard sample for solid state physics. 

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Much research focuses on the structures, properties, and uses of the complexes formed between d-metal ions acting as Lewis acids and a variety of Lewis bases, partly because they participate in many biological reactions. Hemoglobin and vitamin B12, for example, are both complexes—the former of iron and the latter of cobalt (Box 16.1). Complexes of the d-metals are often brightly colored and magnetic and are used in chemistry for analysis, to dissolve ions (Section 11.13), in the... 

Cameron, N.R. and Sherrington, D. C. High Internal Phase Emulsions (HIPEs)-Structure, Properties and Use in Polymer Preparation. Vol. 126, pp. 163-214. 

Harris, P.J. and Smith, B.G., Plant Cell Walls and Cell-Wall Polysaccharides Structures, Properties and Uses in Food Products, Int. J. Food Set Technoi, 41, 129 (2006)... 

High Internal Phase Emulsions (HIPEs) - Structure, Properties and Use in Polymer Preparation... 

Davies, G., and E. Ghabbour, Eds., Humic Substances Structures, Properties and Uses, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK, 1998. 

A concise account of the structure, properties and uses of gemini surfactants is given by Rosen [60]. 

Compounds that are formed from carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons. In this chapter, you will explore the sources, structures, properties, and uses of hydrocarbons—an enormous class of compounds. As well, you will learn how scientists and engineers use the properties of hydrocarbons to produce a seemingly infinite variety of chemicals and products. 

Molecular Basis of PDMS Surface Activity. Four structural characteristics of PDMS account for these attributes and are the link between the structure, properties, and uses of PDMS and most other silicone materials ... 

Table 23.1 summarizes the structures, properties, and uses of some important fibers. 

Functionalized polysiloxane sorbents preparation, structure, properties and use... 

Davies G. and Ghabbour E.A., Humic substance Structures Properties and Uses .,... 

Cameron NR, Sherrington DC. High internal phase emulsions (HIPEs)— Structure, properties and use in polymer preparation. Adv Polym Sci 1996 126 165-214. 

Very thorough and comprehensively referenced surveys of the coordination chemistry of zinc are available. In each of these multivolume compendia, there is an article devoted to zinc complexes, but there are also numerous mentions of zinc complexes in the introductory volumes and in the volumes on applications and uses. Thermodynamic data AH, AS, AGf also some AX° values for e.g. ZnX2 + 2L) are available for about 100 zinc complexes. In this present encyclopedia, we are only able to mention a very small selection of the more important and interesting complexes. Preparations, structures, properties, and uses are dealt with in this section, the solution chemistry of zinc complexes in later sections (Sections 9.2 and 9.3). 

Harris, P.J. B.G. Smith. Plant cell walls and cell-wall polysaccharides Structures, properties and uses in food products. Int.J. Food Sci. Technol. 2006, 4l(SuppL 2), 129-143. 

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