Structural damage, insertion materials

The development of these stress criteria for graphite is based on probabilistic considerations and includes a damage model which equates damage (failure) with the inability of the graphite component to accommodate safe shutdown by insertion of control rods or RSC material. Based on the risk contributions from graphite damage to the overall plant risk envelope, reliability allocations for the structural components are obtained. These allocations are then expressed in terms of non-probabilistic structural requirements such as stress-to-strength limits. 

There may be a tissue damage due to which the structural integrity of the tissues might be lost. In few cases, a deep cut in the soft tissue/bone fracture could bring unassisted self-healing. Some material or device can be inserted to hold the tissue together to facilitate the healing process (Smith et al., 2008). 

Rehabilitation of pipes by CIPP, with thermoset polyester resins and polyester felt, usually requires satisfying predetermined specificalions for both materials and installation. With CIPP, a tubular hner is saturated with a resin, which is then inserted into the damaged pipe and cured via heat and/or ambient or ultra violet light. The pipe defect is initially identified and located, usually by means of a closed circuit television survey or PIG. The resin saturated liner is then inserted into the pipe and inflated against the wall of the pipe by air or water pressure. The resin cures and hardens into a smooth structure and a new composite pipe is created within the old pipe. The materials used to manufacture the components are chosen to suit the function of the repaired pipeline. The combination of the hner, resin, the method of installation and the chosen curing method will determine the overall quality of the end product. 

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