Strong acid administered

The most important type of mixed solution is a buffer, a solution in which the pH resists change when small amounts of strong acids or bases are added. Buffers are used to calibrate pH meters, to culture bacteria, and to control the pH of solutions in which chemical reactions are taking place. They are also administered intravenously to hospital patients. Human blood plasma is buffered to pH = 7.4 the ocean is buffered to about pH = 8.4 by a complex buffering process that depends on the presence of hydrogen carbonates and silicates. A buffer consists of an aqueous solution of a weak acid and its conjugate base supplied as a salt, or a weak base and its conjugate acid supplied as a salt. Examples are a solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate and a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride. 

This compound exists in drinking water as the salt however, most of the experiments have been conducted with free acid. Therefore, the applicability of the results of such studies to estimating human risks will be uncertain because of the large pH artifacts that can be expected when administering a strong acid. 

Sodium saccharin and numerous other sodium salts of moderately strong acids, such as ascorbate, glutamate, bicarbonate, aspartate, citrate, and others, administered at very high levels in the diet ( 5,000ppm) to rats (males > females), result in the production of large amounts of an amorphous calcium phosphate-containing... 

Medical Effects of HC smokes. HC smoke is possibly the most acutely toxic of the military smokes and obscurants. The toxicity of HC smoke is mainly due to the formation of the strongly acidic HC1, but is also to a lesser extent due to thermal lesions. These are caused by the exothermic reaction of zinc chloride with water. The acidic HC1 vapor causes lesions of the mucous membranes of the upper airways. The damage and clinical symptoms following zinc chloride exposure therefore appear immediately after the start of the exposure. However, damage to the lower airways also occurs and may result in delayed effects as chemical pneumonia with some pulmonary edema. The casualty should don his or her respirator or be removed from the source of exposure. Oxygen should be administered in cases of hypoxia. Bronchospasm should be treated appropriately, as should secondary bacterial infection. The medical effects and treatment of zinc chloride smokes are detailed in Chapter 8 of FM 8-9 (Part TTT)... 

Analysis.—In fatal cases of poisoning by oxalic acid the contents of the stomach are sometimes strongly acid in reaction more usually, owing to the administration of antidotes, neutral, or even alkaline. In a systematic analysis the poison is to be sought for in the residue of the portion examined for prussic acid And phosphorus or, if the examination for those substances be omitted, in the residue or final alkaline fluid of the process for alkaloids. If oxalic acid alone is to be sought for, the contents of the stomach, or other substances if acid, are extracted with water, the liquid filtered, the filtrate evaporated, the residue extracted with alcohol, the alcoholic fluid evaporated, the residue redissolved in water (solution No. 1). The portion undissolved by alcohol is extracted with alcohol acidulated wdth hydrochloric. acid, the solution evaporated after filtration, the residue dissolved in water (solution No. 2). Solution No. 1 contains any oxalic acid which may have existed free in the substances examined No. 2 that which existed in the form of soluble oxalates. If lime or magnesia have been administered as an antidote, the substances must be boiled for an hour or two with potassium carbonate (not the hydroxid), filtered, and the filtrate treated as above. In the solutions so obtained, oxalic acid is characterized by the tests given above. The urine is also to be examined microscopically for crystals of calicum oxalate. The stomach may contain small quantities of oxalates as normal constituents of certain foods. 

Lactonization occurred during treatment with strong acids or as artifacts of TLC separations. The glucuronides were partially converted to lactone derivatives when dilute methanolic HCL solutions were evaporated to dryness. Ninety-seven to hundred percent of the two mixed cfr-permethrin isomers and the two mixed trans isomers ( C-acid and alcohol labeled) were recovered in urine and feces. The hydrolysis products of ( C-acid-lR, trans) and ( " C-alcohol-lR, trans) permethrin were largely eliminated in urine (81-90%), while only 45-54% from aT-permethrin appeared in urine. The glucuronide of CI2CA was the principal metabolite found in the urines of (IR, trans 56.1%) and (IRS, trans 41.9%) permethrin-treated rats, while a lesser amount were found in the urines of (IR, cis 18.5%) and (IRS, cis 13.8%) permethrin-administered rats. For rats administered the C-alcohol-labeled permethrin, the principal metabolite was 4-OH PB acid sulfate in urine of rats administered (IR, trans 30.7%) and (IRS, trans 42.8%) permethrin. Less of this metabolite was found in urine of rats administered the (IR, cis 19.5%) and (IRS, cis 29.3%) permethrin. 

The treatment of metal poisoning is to administer a compound that binds the metal ion more strongly than does the group in the active centre of the enzyme. These compounds are known as chelating agents. For lead, the compound ethyl-enediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is used. For mercury, dimercaptopropanol (dimercaprol) is used. 

Ketamine and also tiletamine are structurally and pharmacologically related to phencyclidine. Its mechanism of action is not well understood. It has been suggested that it blocks the membrane effects of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamic acid. Ketamine produces dissociative anesthesia, which means that the patient seems to be awake but there are no responses to sensory stimuli. Ketamine, which can be administered IV or IM, has strong analgesic activity. It is especially indicated for interventions of short duration without any need for skeletal... 

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