General stress response

M. Jacquet, G. Renault, S. Lallet, J. De Mey, A. Goldbeter, Oscillatory nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of the general stress response transcriptional activators Msn2 and Msn4 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Biol. 161, 497-505 (2003). 

Regulation of catalase expression in eukaryotes takes place as part of a generalized response mechanism. In yeast, promoter elements of the peroxisomal catalase CTA-1 respond to glucose repression and activation by fatty acids as part of organelle synthesis. The cytosolic catalase CTT-1 responds as part of a generalized stress response to starvation, heat, high osmolarity, and H2O2, and there is even evidence of translational control mediated by heme availability 26). 

Cellular responses to metal ions include changes of patterns of gene expression. Many of these changes are non-specific shock effects for example, subsets of the heat shock proteins are synthesised in response to Cd (Czarnecka et al., 1984 Lin et al., 1984 Delhaize et al., 1989). However, some mRNAs are specifically induced by Cd (Delhaize et al., 1989). Thus, by examining metal-regulated gene expression, whether specific or non-specific, it may be possible to determine the relative roles of proteins and polypeptides specific to metal homeostasis and metal tolerance, as opposed to functions involved in general stress responses. 

Aranda, A., del Olmo, M. (2003). Response to acetaldehyde stress in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae involves a strain-dependent regulation of several ALD genes and is mediated by the general stress response pathway. Yeast, 20, 747-759. 

Eufemia, N.A. and D. Epel. The multixenobiotic defense mechanism in mussels is induced by substrates and non-substrates implications for a general stress response. Mar. Environ. Res. 46 401-405, 1998. 

Msn2/Msn4 CysjHisj General stress response PDR15 [116, 117]... 

Wolfger, H., Mamnun, Y.M., and Kuchler, K. (2004) The yeast PdrlSp ATP-binding cassette (ABC) protein is a general stress response factor implicated in cellular detoxification. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279, 11593-11599. 

This new design of nano chambers array on chips allows a broad band of measurements. We can simultaneously test eight different toxicant types with the general stress responsive promoter by introducing to each chamber a different toxicant, or, in order to specify unknown aqueous sample, we can test the sample with eight different stress responsive promoters. Thus we obtain an indication of the toxicant type. In addition, the array configuration enables the addition of positive and negative control chambers for each experiment. 

The results to date indicate that phytoalexin synthesis is a common mechanism of disease resistance in higher plants Whether all plants will eventually yield positive results in this bloassay remains to be seen. It is our experience that there are still technical difficulties in establishing phytoalexin production in many plants and further development of appropriate methodology is essential The separation of the phytoalexin response from the more general stress response of plants is also not easy and this needs to be considered in future experimental design. 

There have been many reports of a decrease in thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), as well as an increase in TSH, in burns patients receiving PVP-I treatment. However, these changes in thyroid hormones may represent part of general stress response (Becker et al., 1980). 

Hecker, M., Schumann, W., and Volker, U. (1996) Heat-shock and general stress response in Bacillus suhtilis. Mol Microbiol., 19 (3), 417-428. 

Hengge-Aronis R. 1999. Interplay of global regulators and cell physiology in the general stress response of Escherichia coli. Curr Opin Microbiol 2 148-152. 

Many different mechanisms of biofilm resistance are discussed in the literature, reflecting the different ways of biofilm organisms to withstand biocides. These mechanisms include physical and chemical diffusion-reaction barriers in the biofilm restricting biocide penetration of the biofilm, slow growth rate of biofilm cells due to nutrient limitation, activation of general stress response genes, the emergence of a biofilm-specific phenotype, and the presence of persister cells. 

Slow growth rate and general stress response... 

Here, one explicitly underlines the dependence of the deformation by two time instants, t and t, which highlights that the material may exhibit a memory of its previous history. Hence, y t, t ) indicates the deformation at a time t, relative to a previous instant ( ) taken as reference, so that y ( , t) = 0. G t) once again describes the general stress response to an instantaneous deformation occurring at = 0, i.e. to y ( ) = yo 6( ). 

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