Streptomycete, isolation

Studies on marine micro-organisms, V. A new antibiotic, aplasmomy-cin, produced by a streptomycete isolated from shallow sea mud, Y. Okami, T. Okazaki, T. Kitahara, and H. Umezawa, J. Antibiot., 29 (1976) 1019-1025. 

Sirolimus (rapamycin, Rapamune) is a naturally occurring macrocyclic lactone produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus, a streptomycete isolated from a soil sample collected from... 

Naphtomycin A (54) was isolated from S. collinus and its structure was clarified by means of spectral methods. Naphtomycin A is a strong vitamin K antagonist. In addition to naphtomycins A and H (55), a geometric isomer of naphtomycin B (56), was produced by a streptomycete isolated from the Indian soil [39]. 

In the screening of marine streptomycete isolates for bioactive components, a new macrolide antibiotic designated as chalcomycin B 258... 

Socha AM, Garcia D, Sheffer R, Rowley DC. Antibiotic bisanthraquinones produced by a streptomycete isolated from a cyanobacterium associated with Ecteinascidia turbinate. J. Nat. Prod. 2006 69(7) 1070-1073. 

Maskey, R.P., Hehnke, E., Fiebig, H.H., and Laatsch, H. (2002) Parimycin Isolation and structure elucidation of a novel cytotoxic 2,3-dihydroquinizarin analogue of y-indomycinone from a marine streptomycete isolate./. Antibiot., 12,1031-1035. 

Subsequently, other structural variations were reported encompassing compounds such as PS-5 (5) (5), carpetimycin A (6) (6), asparenomycin A (7) (7), and pluracidomycin A (8) (8), from a wide variety of streptomycete strains. Following these stmctures the simplest member of the series, having the completely unsubstituted nucleus, (1, X = CH2), was isolated from bacterial strains of Serratia and Ervinia (9). AH other natural products reported have substituents at both the C-6 and C-2 positions of the bicycHc ring system. Differences in the nature and stereochemistry of these substituents has provided a wide variety of stmctures, and over forty variations have been reported and comprehensively Hsted (10). 

Occurrence, Fermentation, and Biosynthesis. Although a large number of Streptomjces species have been shown to produce carbapenems, only S. cattkja (2) and S. penemfaciens (11) have been reported to give thienamycin (2). Generally the antibiotics occur as a mixture of analogues or isomers and are often co-produced with penicillin N and cephamycin C. Yields are low compared to other P-lactams produced by streptomycetes, and titres are of the order of 1—20 p-g sohdusmL despite, in many cases, a great deal of effort on the optimization of the media and fermentation conditions. The rather poor stabiUty of the compounds also contributes to a low recovery in the isolation procedures. The fermentation and isolation processes for thienamycin and the olivanic acids has been reviewed in some detail (12). 

Most peptide antibiotics have been isolated from Jictinomycetes and especially from Streptomjces. Many P-lactams, however, and a few other useful peptide antibiotics have come from fungi. These streptomycete and fungal peptide antibiotics include many stmctural types having varied therapeutic indications and/or scientific appHcations. 

Ubenimex, [(2(3),3(R))-3-amino-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutanoyl]-L-leucine, was isolated as an inhibitor of aminopeptidases, on which it acts as a strong, reversible transition-state analogue inhibitor (293). Analogues of ubenimex have been made and some other aminopeptidase inhibitors, not all of them peptides, have been isolated from streptomycetes (294—296). 

From the cultures of streptomycetes were isolated anthacyclinones like aklavi-none. Various aromatic polyketide antibiotics produced by fungi and bacteria have quinoid structures, for example, doxorubicin, rhodomycin, and actinorhodin. ... 

Isolated from Streptomycetes Antibacterial and antifungal amino 90... 

Vezina C, Kudelski A, Sehgal SN. (1975) Rapamycin (AY-22,989), a new antifungal antibiotic. I. Taxonomy of the producing streptomycete and isolation of the active principle. J Antibiot 28 721-726. 

The Streptomycetes, a group of filamentous Gram-positive bacteria (Actino-mycetes) that are the work horses of natural product isolation [22] ... 

In the case of diketopiperazine 13 and related compounds, dehydrogenation of the preceding diketopiperazine occurs in the side chain. A shift of the double bond into the central ring and dehydration may result in the formation of substituted pyrazines. Simple pyrazines are known as signaling compounds from animals. The pyrazines 16 and 17 have also been isolated from marine Streptomycetes [106]. GC/MS investigations of bacterial flavor components [951 indicate that these and others are very wide-spread. 

The most common derivative of this group of sugar nucleotides is thymidine 5 -(/3-L-rhamnopyranosyl pyrophosphate) (27), isolated from extracts of bacteria15,106,107 and streptomycetes.14 The assignment... 

The ion selectivities displayed by these antibiotics are lower than those of the neutral ionophores, and are given in Table 11. Many studies have been made on the properties of these ionophores, particularly with reference to the calcium-transporting abilities of A 23187 (146) and lasolocid (145). The search for new antibiotics is ongoing and there is constant addition to a list of about 50 distinct polyether antibiotics which have been isolated from various streptomycetes. Representative structures will be discussed here to illustrate the nature of complexation with alkali and alkaline earth metal cations. 

Kanbe K, Okamura M, Hattori S, Naganawa H, Hamada M, Okami Y, Takeuchi T (1993) Thienodolin, a New Plant Growth-Regulating Substance Produced by a Streptomycete Strain I. Taxonomy and Fermentation of the Producing Strain, and the Isolation and Characterization of Thienodolin. Biosci Biotech Biochem 57 632... 

Another Streptomycete species was isolated from deep-sea sediments collected at 1500 m in the sea surrounding Tokyo, Japan. When this culture was fermented in the presence of seawater,... 

Another compound, ansamitocin P3 (52), was isolated [36] from lichens of the family Thuidiaceae. However, it may be assumed that the lichens do not synthesize this compound but that it is rather a product of streptomycetes living on surface of these lichens. Ansamitocin P3 exhibits an excellent cytotoxicity against human tumors, leukemia and carcinoma in cell cultures. 

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