Strain crystallization,

E.H. Andrews, Crack propagation in a strain-crystallizing elastomer, J. Appl. Phys., 32, 542-548, 1961. 

Mars, W.V. and Fatemi, A., A phenomenological model for the effect of R ratio on fatigue of strain crystallizing rubbers. Rubber Chem. Tech., 76, 1241, 2003. 

Epoxidized natural rubber is still a strain crystallizing mbber and therefore retains the high tensile strength of natural rubber. However, as can be seen from Table 5, in other respects they have very little in common. The epoxidation renders a much higher damping mbber, a much-improved resistance to oil swelling (insofar as a 50 mol % modified natural mbber has similar oil resistance to a 34% nitrile mbber), and much-reduced air permeability. This latest form of modified natural mbber therefore widens the applications base of the natural material and enables it to seek markets hitherto the sole province of some specialty synthetic mbbers. 

Natural rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties. Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect and the Payne effect. It strain crystallizes. Under repeated tensile strain, many filler reinforced rubbers exhibit a reduction in stress after the initial extension, and this is the so-called Mullins Effect which is technically understood as stress decay or relaxation. The phenomenon is named after the British rubber scientist Leonard Mullins, working at MBL Group in Leyland, and can be applied for many purposes as an instantaneous and irreversible softening of the stress-strain curve that occurs whenever the load increases beyond... 

Methods need to be developed to measure and determine the influences of factors such as strain, crystal geometry, dislocation density, low concentrations of coprecipitates, etc. on subtle solubility and reactivity differences of carbonate minerals. 

Nair, B. and Pradeep, T. 2002. Coalescence of nanoclusters and formation of submicron crystallites assisted by lactobacillus strains. Crystal Growth and Design, 2(4) 293-8. 

The cohesive fracture of conventional, non-strain crystallizing, unfilled elastomers is sensitive to rate and temperature 32.4-1.48-53) exhibiting increased values of 2J with increasing rate and decreasing temperature. The basic viscoelastic nature of the fracture of these materials is evidenced by the fact that it can be described over wide ranges of temperature and rate by time-temperature superposition as described by the WLF Equation... 

Straining a crystal will begin to alter its crystal symmetry, thus affecting relative intensities from different phonon modes according to the Raman tensor. However, the effect of strain is usually small and the strained Raman tensor may be treated as the unstrained Raman tensor changed by linear proportionality to the appropriate components of the AK matrix [56]. This means that in most cases, the unstrained Raman tensor gives a very clear idea of what phonon lines will be observable in Raman spectra of the strained crystal. 

In this case, however, the ISi jO component is at infinite dilution in a host of essentially pure YSi cO. Now we assume that Goldschmidt s first rule applies, i.e., we assume that if I and Y " " had exactly the same ionic radius then the standard free energy changes of reactions (1) and (4) would be the same. The actual difference between the standard free energy changes is assumed to be due to the work done in straining crystal and melt by introducing a cation which is not the same size as the site. This is a reasonable assumption for closed-shell ions such as Ca, Sr, and Mg " " and it also appears to work in those cases, such as the lanthanides, where crystal field effects are small (Blundy and Wood, 1994). For first row transition ions such as Co, and Cu, however,... 

Brice J. C. (1975) Some thermodynamic aspects of the growth of strained crystals. J. Cryst. Growth 28, 249-253. 

The above features of a sheared colloidal crystal appear to be similar in both BCC and FCC structures. However, there are differences in details, and perhaps even within a given symmetry the flow behavior might vary with particle concentration or charge density. For example, Chen et al. (1994) have shown that between the strained crystal and sliding-layer microstructures there can be a polycrystalline structure, the formation of which produces a discontinuous drop in shear stress (see Fig. 6-33). Ackerson and coworkers gave a detailed description of the fascinating shear-induced microstructures of these systems (Ackerson and Clark 1984 Ackerson et al. 1986 Chen et al. 1992, 1994). 

Figure 6.33 Shear stress as a function of shear rate for a = 73 nm charged polystyrene spheres at a volume fraction of 0 = 0.33 in 10 M KCl. The various symbols stand for measurements made under different conditions, namely, increasing shear rate (O), decreasing shear rate (Q), constant stress ( ), or metastable shear rates ). SC denotes the strained-crystal configuration shown in Fig. 6-32b, SL is the sliding-layer configuration in Fig. 6-32c, and PC is an intermediate polycrystalline configuration, (From Chen etal. 1994, with permission from the Journal of Rheology.)...

This method is based on measuring the shift of the optical energy levels of fluorescent elements such as Cr3+ in response to a change of the stress state. This results in undergo as the result of altering the distance of ions within the strained crystal structure of the host lattice (Yu and Clarke, 2002). Equipment used to record photoluminescence spectra include confocal laser-Raman spectrometers equipped with a liquid nitrogen cooled CCD detector and a motorised X-Y microscope table to allow point-by-point mapping. 

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