Storage, and formulation

Examples of these improvements are the packaging of dimethylamine products in plastic-lined containers and the elimination of sodium nitrite in the final product. This change in packaging and formulating makes it hi ly probable that N-dimethylnitrosamine will not form during storage of the product. Another example of the improvement of products is that Treflan products today contain less than 1 ppm of N-dipropylnitrosamine (T.) whereas some of the older products contained levels as high as 115-150 ppm several years ago (i, ). 

The growth of lactose crystals in ice cream results in a serious texture defect known as sandiness. It is usually caused by temperature fluctuations, high serum solids in the mix, and high cabinet storage temperatures. The ratio of serum solids and moisture must be controlled. Hydrocolloids have some effect on controlling sandiness, but not as much as proper handling techniques and formulation. 

Scenario 3 Formulation for fixed outlet concentration with reusable water storage The formulation presented in this section corresponds to the superstructure shown in Fig. 4.2 in which central reusable water storage is taken into consideration. In this situation, constraints (4.3), (4.5) and (4.6) still hold, but constraints (4.1), (4.2) and (4.4) have to be modified as follows. 

Fig. 7.1 Superstructure for multiple storage vessel formulation (Gouws and Majozi, 2008)...

If the assumption that the contaminant mass in the wastewater is relaxed, then the additional raw material in the form of the contaminant mass has to be accounted for. The wastewater in this case not only supplements the water in the raw material, but also any other raw materials used in product formulation. The raw material balance given in constraint (8.1) is reformulated to account for the additional raw material source. Constraint (8.1) is split into a water balance and a raw material balance for the other components required in product formulation. The water balance is given in constraint (8.52). The balance for the other components used in the product formulation is given in constraint (8.53). Due to the fixed ratio of water and other components in product formulation and the fixed batch size, the amount of water and the amount of other components are fixed. Therefore, in constraints (8.52) and (8.53) the amount of water and amount of other raw material is fixed. The water balance, in constraint (8.52), states that the amount of water used in product is comprised of freshwater, water from storage and directly recycle/reused water. Constraint (8.53), the mass balance for the other components, states that the mass of other components used for product is the mass from bulk storage, the mass in directly recycled/reused water and the mass in water from storage. 

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